Jane: This is But Why: a Podcast for Curious Kids from Vermont
Public. I'm Jane Lindholm. On this show, we take questions
from curious kids all over the world, and we find answers.
Today, we're going to talk about an animal. I know, I know we
talk about animals a lot, but that's because you send us a lot
of questions about animals. Today's animal focus is of the
small, fluffy kind. Let's see if you can guess what we're going
to talk about. Some of these animals live in our homes as
pets, but you'll also see them out in the wild, even if you
live in a city, these critters are pretty well adapted to
living in city parks or suburbs. These animals are mammals, and
they're often mistaken for rodents, but they're actually a
very specific kind of mammal called a lagomorph. One last
hint, these animals are famous for their long ears and poofy
little white tails. Okay, you've probably guessed it. Now we're
talking about rabbits today, and our guest is someone who not
only studies and loves rabbits, but has also spent a lot of time
living with them in her home. Her name is Margo DeMello.
Margo DeMello: I study human animal interactions, and I have
specialized in rabbits for my whole adult life, and I've
rescued them for forever. But then, in an academic sense, I
study all of the sort of facets of the human animal
relationship.
Jane: Professor DeMello teaches at Carroll College in Montana,
and her field is anthrozoology. Anthro means human, and zoology
is the study of animals. So anthrozoology is the study of
how humans and other animals coexist and interact. She also
rescues rabbits and rehabilitates them in her own
home.
Margo DeMello: I have 12 right now, which for me, is a pretty
low number.
Jane: 12 sounds like a pretty high number to me. Professor de
Melo says it can be pretty cool to live with rabbits.
Margo DeMello: I mean, I live in a multi-species household. I
always have. Rabbits are much more recently domesticated and
cats, and certainly the dogs, dogs have been with with us for,
you know, tens of thousands of years, and so they still retain
so much of their wildness. And so to have an animal in your
home that has a wild spirit, like, there's something about
that that I don't know. It's, it's, um, there's something
about that.
Jane: But there are also annoying things about living
with lots of rabbits,
Margo DeMello: Um, the gates, the baby gates, the bunny gates,
whatever you want to call them the X pens, because I have,
right now, two groups, and then a single and a single, I'm
trying to integrate to one of my groups. That means I have to
have gates in between them. Rabbits are super territorial,
and so introducing a rabbit to another rabbit is not
necessarily an easy job, and if you just left them to their own
devices, there'd be a lot of fighting. And at my age,
climbing over those gates every day, that's not as fun as it was
maybe when I was younger.
Jane: Do you want to tell us how old you are? Or no?
Margo DeMello: I'm 60.
Jane: So 60 is not as fun climbing over gates.
Margo DeMello: No.
Jane: Margo DeMello has been working as an animal rescuer for
many, many years now. So we want to make sure we're not confusing
you into thinking you should just pluck a wild rabbit from
your local park or field and try to make it live in your house.
And even domesticated rabbits are not always the easiest pets
to have, so you should think very carefully before badgering
your adults into getting you one. But in the meantime, let's
learn more about rabbits and get to your questions. Before we
dive in, do you remember a big vocabulary word I threw out at
the beginning of this episode? I said rabbits are sometimes
confused with rodents. In fact, they used to be classified as
rodents, but now they're known to be in their own category of
animal called a lagomorph, L, A, G, O, M, O, R, P, H.
Margo DeMello: And then within the lagomorph order are rabbits,
hares and pikas. So it's a fairly small order with only
three different types of animals in it.
Jane: Hares look a lot like rabbits, but they have even
longer ears, and they're generally larger and taller than
rabbits. Pikas have sort of a more rounded look, kind of like
groundhogs or prairie dogs with smaller rounded ears, and they
live in cold, usually mountainous regions of North
America and Asia. One thing rabbits, hares and pikas have in
common is that they have two front teeth called incisors that
grow constantly throughout their lives. Lagomorphs also have
something really distinctive, a second set of front incisors
that grow directly behind the first pair. Imagine your two
front teeth, and if, instead of just the two there, you had two
more behind and you had four front teeth instead of two. Want
to know something else that you might find kind of gross about
lagomorphs. They eat their own poop. Lagomorphs actually have
two kinds of poop, and one of the kinds is a little bit softer
and greasier, and it's really high in vitamins. So they eat
it. Maybe the less said about that, the better. So let's get
back on track.
Margo DeMello: And then the rabbit itself. There's not just
one rabbit. There are hundreds of rabbits, so different genera,
that is the plural for genus and different species. So many, many
different rabbits around the world.
Jane: How come some rabbits are wild rabbits and other rabbits
are pets?
Margo DeMello: So there's of all of the hundreds of rabbits that
exist on the planet, a single species has ever been
domesticated, and that is our rabbit. And so the single rabbit
that was domesticated is colloquially known as the
European rabbit. The genus and species is oractolagus
cuniculus, and that is the one that was domesticated.
Jane: So sometimes, when I go to my county fair in the
summertime, there are rabbits there, and there are long haired
rabbits and short haired rabbits and rabbits that are white and
rabbits that are brown and rabbits that are black and
rabbits that have long shaggy ears, those are all one species
of rabbit, even though they look so different.
Margo DeMello: Yes, that is one species of rabbit. Every single
domesticated rabbit on the planet is a European rabbit is
oryctolagus caniculus. And all of those variations, the color,
the hair, length, the ears are only a few 100 years old.
Jane: Wow, that's fascinating. All right, so Penny is seven and
wonders,
Penny: Why are bunnies called bunnies?
Margo DeMello: I see bunny as just a familiar kind of, an
affectionate term. Some people use it to refer to the babies of
rabbits, but technically, that's not correct. They're kits. And
so usually we use bunny because it's this acute kind of, it
sounds softer, I think, in the mouth, to say, than rabbit. And
so you know, when you talk about something that is cute or that
you have some affection towards, Bunny is just sort of a cuter
word.
Jane: So baby bunnies, or baby rabbits, if you're using the
proper name, are called kits, same as Fox babies. A few more
interesting facts about rabbits, they live in burrows, so
underground, and they prefer to live together in groups.
Margo DeMello: They are a social species. They are gregarious.
Most rabbit species are the domesticated rabbities,
absolutely, just like humans, just like most primates,
gregarious, which just means social. So they thrive in social
groups, and that is one of the reasons why, if you're going to
have a pet rabbit, it's nice to have pet rabbits with a
companion.
Jane: I love that vocabulary word that you used, gregarious.
When we think of humans who are gregarious, we think of them as
being very outgoing. They like to talk. They like to be in
social situations. So that's sort of what you mean about
rabbits, too. They like to be together.
Margo DeMello: Yes, yes. They're happier touching someone else. I
get the sense that part of what they're doing is sort of
catching up on their lives together by having this sort of
period where they're just kind of grooming each other's fur and
checking in with each other.
Milo: My name is Milo. I'm three years old, and I want to know
why bunnies have fur?
Margo DeMello: Because they would look terrible naked.
That's the basic. No. Well, all mammals have fur. Mammals,
that's one of the kind of characteristics of a mammal, and
so they wouldn't be mammals if they didn't have fur. Now,
rabbits are born. Here's another vocabulary term for you. Rabbits
are born altricial. And what that means is they are born
without fur, and their eyes are closed. They're essentially very
undeveloped, as opposed to hares, another legomorph, they
are born precocial, and that means they do have their fur,
and their eyes are open and they're kind of ready to go. So
rabbits are more immature when they're born. But to be a
mammal, to get entry into the Mammal class, I think you have
to have fur.
Isha: Hi. My name is Isha. And I'm nine, and I live in Israel.
Why do bunnies have tails?
Adam: My name is Adam and I'm six years old. I live in
Evergreen Colorado. Why do bunnies have puffball tails?
Margo DeMello: So their tails are useful as a form of
communication. Humans show their emotions through their facial
expressions. That's what our facial musculature has sort of
evolved to do, is to communicate our emotional feelings to
outsiders, and that's why we spend so much time looking at
each other's faces. A lot of animals don't have the same
facial muscle structure as humans, and so they don't have
the possibilities of moving their face, but they still need
to communicate to others, and in particular for rabbits, because
rabbits don't use their voices, they really have to use their
bodies. And so you're going to have way more muscles around
things like their ears, their tail, and so the tail, as cute
and small as it is, signals really important stuff to other
rabbits.
Jane: Hang on a sec. Did you catch that rabbits don't usually
use their voices to communicate with each other? Margo DeMello
says they do sometimes make noises if they're really scared
or hurt, and they can also make non verbal sounds by thumping
their feet when they're alarmed or annoyed, or making a sort of
purring sound when they're happy, by clicking their teeth
together really fast, but teeth grinding often suggests they're
in distress. So if you have a rabbit as a pet, it's important
to learn their signals so you know what your rabbit might be
communicating to you. Okay, back to bunnies cute little tails.
How come they're so small if the tail is important for
communication?
Margo DeMello: if we think about animals with longer tails, they
are animals that often use them for balance, rabbits are ground
dwellers, and in fact, they're underground dwellers. When we're
talking about the European rabbit, they live in burrows
underground, and so they don't need any of that. Also prey
animals. Think about other types of prey animals. Think about
deer and those kinds of animals. They have shorter tails, because
if you are being chased by something, the last thing you
want is to have a big tail behind you that somebody can
grab.
Jane: Are you able to look at a rabbit's tail and you can tell
anything about what it's feeling or or its behavior?
Margo DeMello: Um, there's, yeah, there's definitely. It's,
it's, again, it's subtle. If you live with a rabbit, you have to
learn subtle, more subtle kind of cues in their body. But one
of the things that people who live with rabbits always note,
and especially if they have a rabbit who's got a particularly
sassy personality, that when they're doing something naughty,
or you scold them because you don't want them chewing on their
wall or whatever it is that they're doing, they will flick
their tail at you. And again, it's very quick, and it's kind
of subtle, but it's pretty easy to, once you have that
relationship with that rabbit, to understand that they're
basically saying, Well, I'm going to do what you're asking.
I'm not going to like it, and the second you turn around, I'm
gonna do it again.
Jane: Sassy bunnies. After the break, more questions about
rabbits with anthrozoologist Margo DeMello, like, why do
bunnies hop? And can bunnies see behind themselves without
turning their heads?
This is But Why. I'm Jane Lindholm, and today we're
learning about rabbits with Margo DeMello, a friend of
rabbits and a scholar of human animal interactions.
Maria: Hi, my name is Maria, and at four years I live in Toronto,
Canada. Why do bunnies hop?
Evie: I live in McDonough, Georgia. Why do bunnies hop?
Ailish: My name is Ailish, and I am six years old. I live in
Dublin, Scotland, and my question is, why do bunnies hop?
Nikolina: Hi, my name is Nikolina, and I'm seven years
old. I live in Philadelphia, and I want to know why bunnies hop
instead of walk like a regular animal,?
Margo DeMello: Right? Rabbits actually can walk. A lot of
people don't realize that they can walk. When a rabbit is in a
new environment and are very kind of curious or nervous, they
will walk. The difference between walking and hopping is
pretty subtle. Walking involves four different legs moving in
four different sort of times. When you hop, what happens is
your two front legs move independently, but the back move
is a group. And for this particular type of prey animal,
they need to have speed, and so they've got fairly, you know,
muscular back legs. Those back legs are also really useful for
digging. The front legs do a lot of the work of the digging, but
the back legs also do it. They push the dirt behind them, and
given that they are diggers, it serves them in those ways. It
also makes their running away a little bit more erratic. For a
predator, they do this thing that we call binking in the
rabbit world. That is not a scientific term, but we all use
it. And what that means is, in other animals do this as well
other prey animals, it is a form of play where they hop and and
twist and sort of dance. And you see that with the young, young
deer lambs. You know, those kinds of animals will do that as
babies, and they typically don't tend to do it as adults anymore.
And for rabbit, it's super critical, because if you're
being chased by a coyote or a fox or something, and you don't
run in just a straight line, but you twist and you turn. It's a
good way to evade those predators. So I don't think I'm
directly answering why they hop, but their hopping is beneficial
to them, and it is in part, a result of their back legs and
the need to have these back legs the way that they are.
Jane: Do hares and rabbits have different legs and different
ways of moving?
Margo DeMello: Yes. So when you look at a jackrabbit, which is
another confusing term, because jack rabbits are hares, not
rabbits, so they're again, they're born precocial, so
they're already kind of getting started as soon as they come
out. And they are much faster and much stronger than a rabbit,
for sure. And one of the reasons for that is, if we think about
where a lot of hares live, we're talking open spaces. We're
talking about not a lot of cover. We're also talking about
animals that do not burrow and so for evasive tactics, for
predators, those legs are critical. So yeah, they're fast,
they're strong. To be kicked by a jackrabbit is not a, as far as
I understand, I've never been kicked by a jack rabbit, but
I've seen it, and it's pretty significant. Those legs, they
also their ears, which are another important defense
mechanism for both rabbits and hares. And they can control
their ears. They can move independently of each other.
That's another super good way of deterring while detecting
predators, so that you can then take some evasive action.
Jane: What do rabbits eat?
Margo DeMello: They can eat a lot of things. Their bodies are
evolved for them to eat a very high fiber diet, and so that
means typically consistent with kind of low nutrient, low
calorie diet, so they have to eat all day. They pretty much
are kind of foraging and munching all day long, because
they need to get, if they're in the wild, a variety of food from
all kinds of places to bring in a mix of the right nutrients
that they need within our homes. Of course, you can just buy
commercial pellets, which is what most people do. But even
with the commercial pellets, which have all the nutrients,
they still need the fiber from the hay, and they still need the
variety, because they're an animal that is primed to be
eating all the time, if you only fed them, let's say, two times a
day. Their guts can't handle that. Their digestive systems
need to be moving all of the time, and so that's why they
need to have other kinds of food that they can get access to all
day long. And it's also just part of what they do. They're
like, I need to have I need to have a bite to eat right now. I
just need to have a little bit of munchie, bit of munchie right
now. So they eat high fiber foods. They are vegetarians.
They do not eat any animal products. But they're also like
us, in that they have a sweet tooth, and so that means that
fruit, they adore candy, and which is as good for them as it
is for us, probably worse, but they will steal. They'll steal
chocolate. They'll steal anything that looks like it
could be good. And they can really, really develop a
problematic sweet tooth if you help, if you indulge that.
Jane: We have several questions from kids who have heard stories
that have rabbits eating carrots or lettuce and strawberries or
carrots and radishes. And Karen, who wrote to us, says:
Karen: Why does most stories have rabbits eating carrots if
that's not good for rabbits in real life?
Margo DeMello: In small quantities, they're absolutely
fine of vegetables, they are a fairly high sugar vegetable, and
that is another reason why they're going to like them.
Jane: So for domesticated rabbits, in small doses, those
kinds of foods are not bad, but normally rabbits need to eat a
lot of grasses, a lot of things that are just not as full of
that sugar as some of those vegetables and fruits might be.
Pippa: My name's Pippa. I am six years old. I live in Burlington,
Vermont, why do bunnies have long ears?
Elle: My name is Elle. I am five years old. I live in California,
Campbell. Why do bunnies have long ears?
Margo DeMello: So the ears do a few things I mentioned before
that they're incredible for detecting predators, because
they, so the longer that the ear is, the the longer that canal
is, and it could funnel down sounds that other ears, like
ours would never be able to detect. They pull them down in
the other is temperature regulation. Rabbits don't sweat,
they don't pant. And every mammal has to have some sort of
a way to regulate their temperature. And that's what
those ears do. In particular, they they will help in hot
weather to kind of keep that animal a little bit cooler.
Bella: Hi, my name is Bella. I'm from Erie, Pennsylvania. I'm
five years old. And why do rabbits have eyeballs at the
side of their heads?
Hannah: My name is Hannah. I'm five years old. I live in
Roswell, Georgia. How can bunnies see behind themselves
without moving their head?
Nikhil: My name is Nikhil. I am six years old. I live in
Norwood, Massachusetts. How can rabbits look behind themselves
without even turning their heads?
Margo DeMello: Sure. What they need, again, as prey animals, is
to be able to see around them. And so when those eyes are on
the side of your head instead of the front, you don't have depth
perception, but what you gain is almost 360 degree peripheral
vision. So yeah, they can see on the sides. They can see, not
fully, fully, there's going to be two blind spots in a rabbit's
vision. One is directly in front of their nose, which is one
reason why, when you meet a new rabbit, you don't put your hand
out the way that you might for a dog, because they basically
can't see it, and then it's going to be a threat to them, so
right in front of their nose and immediately in the back of their
head, right in the back everything else they can see.
Jane: A lot of prey animals have eyes that are spaced out toward
the sides of their heads, because they want to be able to
see if something is coming.
Margo DeMello: Right.
Gwen: My name is Gwen. I am six years old. I live in Cambridge,
Massachusetts. Why do bunnies come out at night?
Margo DeMello: So technically, they're not nocturnal. They're
crepuscular.
Jane: Crepuscular is one of my favorite words. It refers to
twilight, that time right around dawn or dusk when the light is
low. So crepuscular animals are most active in the hours around
sunrise and sunset.
Margo DeMello: And I am assuming that evolutionarily, that has to
do with, again, predators. There's going to be predators at
any any time, but depending on the environment in which you
kind of emerged. And for our domestic rabbits, that would be
the Iberian Peninsula. So in other words, Spain and Portugal,
you know, millions of years ago, whatever predators were in that
environment at that time is how those rabbits would have
developed that type of a system of being most active, morning
and night, and then remember, they have those burrows that
then they could retreat to.
Jane: So if you want to look for rabbits in your neck of the
woods, try going for a walk or sitting quietly at the edge of a
hedge or field early in the morning or right around sunset.
Okay, let's leave it there. Thanks to Margo DeMello for
sharing her knowledge and love of rabbits with us. She's an
assistant professor of anthrozoology at Carroll College
in Montana. As always, if you have a question about anything,
have an adult record you asking it on a smartphone using an app
like voice memos, and then have your adult email the file to
questions@butwhykids.org. But Why is produced by Sarah Baik,
Melody Bodette, and me, Jane Lindholm at Vermont Public and
distributed by PRX. Our video producer is Joey Palumbo, and
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with an all new episode. Until then, stay curious.