1 00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:23,880 Jane: This is But Why: a Podcast for Curious Kids from Vermont 2 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:27,345 Public. I'm Jane Lindholm. On this show, we take questions 3 00:00:27,345 --> 00:00:31,425 from curious kids just like you, and we find answers. We've 4 00:00:31,425 --> 00:00:36,045 gotten thousands of questions, and hundreds of them are about 5 00:00:36,045 --> 00:00:40,605 dinosaurs. We took a really cool field trip to Texas a few years 6 00:00:40,605 --> 00:00:44,325 ago to look at some newly uncovered dinosaur footprints in 7 00:00:44,325 --> 00:00:47,490 a dry riverbed and to make an episode all about these 8 00:00:47,490 --> 00:00:51,570 prehistoric beasts. But that only scratched the surface of 9 00:00:51,630 --> 00:00:55,050 all the questions we've gotten about dinosaurs. So today we're 10 00:00:55,050 --> 00:00:57,810 going to tackle a chunk more of them, and we're going to be 11 00:00:57,810 --> 00:01:00,210 doing it with a paleontologist. 12 00:01:00,450 --> 00:01:03,930 Emily: My name is Dr. Emily Bamforth. I am a paleontologist 13 00:01:03,930 --> 00:01:07,830 and the curator of the Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum. So 14 00:01:07,830 --> 00:01:10,995 paleontology is actually, it's a pretty broad field. There are 15 00:01:10,995 --> 00:01:14,475 paleontologists that just study dinosaurs, but paleontology is 16 00:01:14,475 --> 00:01:18,735 actually the study of fossils. So anything that fossilizes gets 17 00:01:18,735 --> 00:01:22,335 studied by paleontologists. So whether that's bugs or plants or 18 00:01:22,335 --> 00:01:26,775 fish or even bacteria, anything that was alive and is now dead 19 00:01:26,775 --> 00:01:29,475 and fossilized, that's what paleontologists study. 20 00:01:29,895 --> 00:01:32,715 Jane: Emily Bamforth does study dinosaurs and all the things 21 00:01:32,760 --> 00:01:35,940 that lived with them from her home base in Alberta, Canada. 22 00:01:36,180 --> 00:01:38,400 Emily: That includes going out and finding them, digging them 23 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:41,400 up, bring them back to museum, preparing them and taking care 24 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:44,460 of those collections once they're in the museum, and then 25 00:01:44,460 --> 00:01:46,380 telling the world about all the stuff we found. 26 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:49,600 Jane: Emily fell in love with dinosaurs when she was just four 27 00:01:49,600 --> 00:01:53,920 years old, and saw her first dinosaur exhibit. So if you're a 28 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:57,520 dino loving kid, you should know there's a field of study for you 29 00:01:57,520 --> 00:02:01,540 as you grow older. Dinosaurs first appeared on earth about 30 00:02:01,900 --> 00:02:06,340 245 million years ago, give or take, a few million years. Then 31 00:02:06,340 --> 00:02:11,245 they lived for a long, long time. But not all dinosaurs 32 00:02:11,245 --> 00:02:15,205 lived at the same time as each other. Just as there are animals 33 00:02:15,205 --> 00:02:18,265 that have gone extinct more recently, there were dinosaurs 34 00:02:18,265 --> 00:02:22,105 that went extinct or evolved over time. And it's also 35 00:02:22,105 --> 00:02:26,125 important to remember that not all of the animals living back 36 00:02:26,125 --> 00:02:27,925 then were dinosaurs,. 37 00:02:28,200 --> 00:02:30,180 Emily: Yeah, that's right. And there are some animals that are 38 00:02:30,180 --> 00:02:34,080 actually called dinosaurs that are not. So the plesiosaurs that 39 00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:37,260 lived in the ocean and the big mosasaurs kind of other marine 40 00:02:37,260 --> 00:02:39,900 reptiles, they sometimes get called dinosaurs, but they 41 00:02:39,900 --> 00:02:43,320 weren't. They belong to a different group of reptiles, but 42 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:45,780 because they lived at the same time as dinosaurs, they 43 00:02:45,780 --> 00:02:48,960 sometimes are accidentally called dinosaurs. It's the same 44 00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:52,845 with things like the pterosaurs, the things like pterodactyls and 45 00:02:52,845 --> 00:02:55,845 pteranodon those things are actually not dinosaurs either. 46 00:02:55,905 --> 00:02:59,205 They belong to a different group of reptiles, but again, they 47 00:02:59,205 --> 00:03:01,485 lived at the same time as dinosaurs, so they sometimes get 48 00:03:01,485 --> 00:03:04,665 lumped in there, but dinosaurs are actually very specific group 49 00:03:04,665 --> 00:03:09,564 of reptiles. But of course, they weren't the only ones living at 50 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:13,620 Jane: There were crocodiles, horseshoe crabs, mammals, plants 51 00:03:13,680 --> 00:03:17,820 and insects living in the time of the dinosaurs. But let's back 52 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:21,080 up a second and consider this question from Willow. 53 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:26,640 Willow: I'm five years old. I live in New York City, why are 54 00:03:26,640 --> 00:03:30,960 dinosaurs ancestors and what are dinosaurs ancestors ancestors? 55 00:03:30,060 --> 00:03:34,320 Emily: Based on what we know from the fossil record, we think 56 00:03:34,380 --> 00:03:39,120 that dinosaurs and crocodiles had the same ancestor, so the 57 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:43,680 ancestor of dinosaurs probably looked like a crocodile, maybe 58 00:03:43,680 --> 00:03:46,140 like a little bit of a skinny crocodile that maybe could have 59 00:03:46,140 --> 00:03:49,440 gotten up and walked on two legs. So some of our very early, 60 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:52,560 early dinosaurs, back when dinosaurs first appeared, they 61 00:03:52,560 --> 00:03:55,605 look a little like crocodiles, but crocodiles that walked on 62 00:03:55,605 --> 00:03:59,685 two legs. And so before that, we know that dinosaurs are 63 00:03:59,685 --> 00:04:04,845 reptiles. So they came from the, basically the same group of 64 00:04:04,845 --> 00:04:07,965 animals that are lizards and snakes and crocodiles and 65 00:04:07,965 --> 00:04:12,225 turtles came from today. So basically from from a reptilian 66 00:04:12,225 --> 00:04:15,405 ancestor, we got, like a crocodilian like ancestor, and 67 00:04:15,405 --> 00:04:18,510 from those, those crocodile like things, we got the dinosaurs and 68 00:04:18,510 --> 00:04:19,290 then the birds. 69 00:04:20,070 --> 00:04:23,430 Jane: So that kind of answers Amos's question. 70 00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:28,220 Amos: I live in Massachusetts. I'm six years old. Are there any 71 00:04:28,220 --> 00:04:30,320 dinosaurs that are mammals? 72 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:33,680 Emily: Dinosaurs are reptiles and mammals are mammals. They're 73 00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:37,220 actually different types of animals. There were mammals 74 00:04:37,280 --> 00:04:40,780 around at the same time as dinosaurs, and so sometimes it's 75 00:04:40,780 --> 00:04:43,660 easy to forget, but there's actually a lot of mammals that 76 00:04:43,660 --> 00:04:46,240 lived at the same time of dinosaurs. Mammals just didn't 77 00:04:46,240 --> 00:04:49,480 really kind of get big until after the dinosaurs went 78 00:04:49,480 --> 00:04:52,180 extinct. But they were certainly there. Mammals actually predate 79 00:04:52,180 --> 00:04:52,780 dinosaurs. 80 00:04:53,260 --> 00:04:59,140 Olive: Hi, my name's Olive. I live in Melbourne Australia. I'm 81 00:04:59,140 --> 00:05:04,720 7 years old. If crocodiles are dinosaurs, why are they not 82 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:05,620 extinct? 83 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:10,080 Emily: The closest ancestor or the closest relative of a modern 84 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:15,720 bird is actually a crocodile, and so dinosaurs and crocodiles 85 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:20,480 were reasonably closely related, but crocodiles today, just as 86 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:22,940 the dinosaurs and the birds kind of went off on their own branch, 87 00:05:22,940 --> 00:05:26,360 modern crocodiles went off on their own branch too. And so 88 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:28,940 even though crocodiles are really ancient animals, they've 89 00:05:28,940 --> 00:05:32,060 also been around for a long time, they've also kind of 90 00:05:32,060 --> 00:05:36,920 evolved on their own branch. And so crocodiles, again, they've 91 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:39,440 been around for a long time, but it's not the same crocodiles 92 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:41,860 that live today as the ones that lived in the fossil record. They 93 00:05:41,860 --> 00:05:44,500 have changed and evolved the same way that dinosaurs have. 94 00:05:44,500 --> 00:05:48,160 Jane: So crocodiles and birds are actually more closely 95 00:05:48,160 --> 00:05:52,180 related to each other than crocodiles and lizards, right? 96 00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:54,940 Emily: That's right, yeah. So they crocodiles and dinosaurs 97 00:05:54,940 --> 00:05:57,460 and birds belong to a group called the archosaurs. They 98 00:05:57,460 --> 00:06:01,320 basically have their own group all to themselves, and then our 99 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:04,980 lizards and our turtles and our snakes are on another branch of 100 00:06:04,980 --> 00:06:05,820 the reptile tree. 101 00:06:06,060 --> 00:06:08,820 Jane: When you think about evolution, remember, we're 102 00:06:08,820 --> 00:06:14,100 talking millions of years so animals can share ancestors and 103 00:06:14,100 --> 00:06:18,240 not look anything alike. Now you might have been surprised to 104 00:06:18,240 --> 00:06:22,100 hear that dinosaurs and birds and crocodiles are all related. 105 00:06:22,220 --> 00:06:25,220 More on that in just a minute. But if you know anything about 106 00:06:25,220 --> 00:06:29,600 dinosaurs, you've probably heard that they went extinct about 66 107 00:06:29,960 --> 00:06:31,220 million years ago. 108 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:36,220 Amelia: Hi. My name is Maya from Monterey, California. Why are 109 00:06:36,220 --> 00:06:38,140 dinosaurs extinct? 110 00:06:38,860 --> 00:06:43,360 Jagger: My name's Jagger. Why did dinosaurs live 60 million 111 00:06:43,360 --> 00:06:44,620 years ago and not now? 112 00:06:44,620 --> 00:06:49,120 Kinley: My name is Kinley. I am seven years old, and I live in 113 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:53,140 Clive, Iowa. Why were dinosaurs extinct? 114 00:06:53,840 --> 00:06:57,020 Sebastian: My name is Beatrix. I'm five years old. I live in 115 00:06:57,020 --> 00:07:01,940 Ohio. Why are dinosaurs extinct, including my favorite one, the 116 00:07:01,940 --> 00:07:03,200 Brachiosaurus. 117 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:14,780 I'm Sebastian and I'm 5 years old. Why did the dinosaurs go 118 00:07:14,780 --> 00:07:15,260 extinct? 119 00:07:15,260 --> 00:07:17,540 Evie: Hello, I'm Evie. I'm five years old. I live in Kansas, and 120 00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:26,765 my question is like, why did the dinosaurs and other reptiles 121 00:07:27,365 --> 00:07:33,725 that didn't survive the meteor when alligators and cockroaches 122 00:07:33,905 --> 00:07:34,385 did? 123 00:07:34,385 --> 00:07:37,865 Noah: My name's Noah, and I'm five years old and I'm from 124 00:07:37,865 --> 00:07:41,390 mobile Kentucky, when were the dinosaur extinct? 125 00:07:42,050 --> 00:07:47,750 Amelia: Hello. My name is Amelia. I am six years old, and 126 00:07:47,750 --> 00:07:52,790 I am from Washington, DC, and I want to know, how did the 127 00:07:52,790 --> 00:07:56,210 asteroid make the dinosaurs go extinct? 128 00:07:56,720 --> 00:07:59,540 Lucas: My name is Lucas. I live in Germany, and I am seven years 129 00:07:59,540 --> 00:08:04,580 old. My question is, how do trees come back after dinosaurs 130 00:08:04,580 --> 00:08:05,420 were extinct? 131 00:08:06,020 --> 00:08:11,780 Ava: Hi, my nickname is Ava. I'm eight years old, and I live in 132 00:08:11,780 --> 00:08:17,780 Florida, and my question is, why did the asteroid make the 133 00:08:17,780 --> 00:08:23,465 dinosaurs extinct, but it didn't cover the whole earth? 134 00:08:23,465 --> 00:08:28,205 Hannah: My name is Hannah. I live in San Diego, California, 135 00:08:28,625 --> 00:08:39,185 and I'm four years old. And my question is, why do dinosaurs 136 00:08:39,605 --> 00:08:41,465 don't live so much? 137 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:46,040 Emily: So the dinosaur mass extinction it is has been a huge 138 00:08:46,040 --> 00:08:49,160 debate for a really long time. And I remember when, when I was 139 00:08:49,160 --> 00:08:52,160 a kid, it was still very much a question about what killed the 140 00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:55,220 dinosaurs. And there's been a lot of work that's been done, 141 00:08:55,220 --> 00:08:58,400 pretty much since the 1980s that now we've we've pretty well 142 00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:02,000 established that the big thing that caused that extinction was 143 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:05,585 a meteorite impact, or what geologists would call a bolide 144 00:09:05,585 --> 00:09:08,885 impact, basically a giant piece of space rock came in and hit 145 00:09:08,885 --> 00:09:12,665 the Earth, probably around the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, and 146 00:09:12,665 --> 00:09:15,065 basically caused a whole bunch of bad things to happen all at 147 00:09:15,065 --> 00:09:18,845 once. So like forest fires and acid rain and earthquakes and 148 00:09:18,845 --> 00:09:22,085 volcanic eruptions. And would have been a very bad day on 149 00:09:22,085 --> 00:09:27,410 planet Earth. So we think that that event probably almost 150 00:09:27,410 --> 00:09:30,590 instantly wiped out the big dinosaurs, at least in North 151 00:09:30,590 --> 00:09:34,370 America, and after that happened, their ecosystem, so 152 00:09:34,370 --> 00:09:37,850 kind of all of the you know, the things that were happening 153 00:09:37,850 --> 00:09:41,570 around them also collapsed. And so we know from the mass 154 00:09:41,570 --> 00:09:46,370 extinction that nothing big survived. So nothing bigger than 155 00:09:46,370 --> 00:09:49,910 basically, like a golden retriever dog survived. So all 156 00:09:49,910 --> 00:09:52,895 the big things went extinct. They just didn't have the food, 157 00:09:53,015 --> 00:09:55,175 they didn't have the resources, they didn't have the habitats 158 00:09:55,175 --> 00:09:58,895 they needed anymore, and then there probably would have been 159 00:09:58,895 --> 00:10:01,715 what we call a nuclear winter, so all of that ash and the 160 00:10:01,715 --> 00:10:04,355 ejecta from that big meteorite impact would have blocked out 161 00:10:04,355 --> 00:10:07,535 the sun, so that would have affected the plant communities, 162 00:10:07,895 --> 00:10:10,775 and so the animals that relied on those plants would have died 163 00:10:10,835 --> 00:10:11,195 as well. 164 00:10:11,435 --> 00:10:14,495 Jane: That certainly sounds terrible! When we think about 165 00:10:14,540 --> 00:10:18,080 this time period. It's often called a mass extinction event, 166 00:10:18,080 --> 00:10:21,800 when lots and lots of animals and plants died. But it's 167 00:10:21,800 --> 00:10:25,340 important to remember that a lot of plants, animals and insects, 168 00:10:25,340 --> 00:10:26,780 also survived. 169 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:29,780 Emily: So we think the things that survived the mass 170 00:10:29,780 --> 00:10:34,160 extinction were small. They were able to eat a whole bunch of 171 00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:36,920 different things. So they were what we call generalists, so 172 00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:39,020 they could eat seeds and they could eat plants, and they could 173 00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:42,080 maybe eat detritus, and they could eat insects so they were 174 00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:44,360 able, they didn't didn't starve, because they could eat a bunch 175 00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:48,380 of different things. And then animals that had some kind of 176 00:10:48,380 --> 00:10:52,445 way to escape the after effects. So if they lived in water, or if 177 00:10:52,445 --> 00:10:55,505 they lived underground, they tended to do pretty well. So for 178 00:10:55,505 --> 00:10:59,705 example, turtles did really well out of the mass extinction. Most 179 00:10:59,705 --> 00:11:02,885 turtles survived the mass extinction, because most turtles 180 00:11:02,945 --> 00:11:05,585 live in water, so they were able to go into the water and hide. 181 00:11:06,185 --> 00:11:09,365 The early birds, so there were birds around at the time of the 182 00:11:09,365 --> 00:11:11,945 extinction, and we think the ones that survived were the ones 183 00:11:11,945 --> 00:11:15,890 who were able to eat seeds. So seeds are something that doesn't 184 00:11:15,890 --> 00:11:18,890 necessarily rely on the sun. So they can, they can, seeds can 185 00:11:18,890 --> 00:11:21,410 hang out on the surface for a long time. So birds that were 186 00:11:21,410 --> 00:11:24,350 able to eat seeds did pretty well. And then there were some 187 00:11:24,350 --> 00:11:28,490 animals that were just lucky. So I think in in terms of what 188 00:11:28,490 --> 00:11:31,550 survives a mass extinction, whether it's the dinosaur mass 189 00:11:31,550 --> 00:11:34,610 extinction or one of the four mass extinctions before that, it 190 00:11:34,850 --> 00:11:38,015 just seems that there were some animals that just got lucky, and 191 00:11:38,015 --> 00:11:40,835 they managed to survive, and they became really, really 192 00:11:40,835 --> 00:11:41,975 diverse afterwards. 193 00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:45,880 Jane: And what else survived the mass extinction that killed off 194 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:48,940 so many of the dinosaurs that we can point to, as you know, 195 00:11:48,940 --> 00:11:50,800 ancestors of modern animals today? 196 00:11:49,960 --> 00:11:53,980 Emily: Yeah, so the crocodiles survived the mass extinction. So 197 00:11:54,040 --> 00:11:58,120 crocodiles actually were around even, even in places like Canada 198 00:11:58,120 --> 00:12:02,040 for a long time after, after the dinosaur mass extinction, and of 199 00:12:02,040 --> 00:12:05,220 course, the mammals. So the mammals at the time, there were 200 00:12:05,220 --> 00:12:07,620 some slightly bigger ones, but most mammals were really small, 201 00:12:07,620 --> 00:12:09,840 so they were able to go underground or live in trees. 202 00:12:09,840 --> 00:12:14,160 They could survive the effects of that meteorite impact. And 203 00:12:14,160 --> 00:12:18,780 they obviously become really, really abundant and fill all 204 00:12:18,780 --> 00:12:21,140 kinds of niches. Mammals get really, really big after the 205 00:12:21,140 --> 00:12:23,780 extinction. So mammals are basically one of the great 206 00:12:23,780 --> 00:12:28,460 survivors. And birds of course, and of course are, you know, 207 00:12:28,460 --> 00:12:31,400 these living we call them living fossils. So things like sharks. 208 00:12:31,880 --> 00:12:34,400 Sharks are still with us today. Sharks have been around pretty 209 00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:40,040 much forever. Some of the groups of fish that live in the oceans, 210 00:12:40,580 --> 00:12:44,020 some of the amphibians, the salamanders, the frogs, survived 211 00:12:44,020 --> 00:12:47,380 the mass extinction as well. So basically, everything we see 212 00:12:47,380 --> 00:12:50,260 today in our world survived the mass extinction. 213 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:55,540 Jane: You mentioned that some of the animals that could survive 214 00:12:55,540 --> 00:12:59,380 that mass extinction and the effects of the meteorite were 215 00:12:59,380 --> 00:13:04,740 animals that could hide or get away, or had specific foods that 216 00:13:04,740 --> 00:13:07,800 they ate that they could still eat. And Grayson would love a 217 00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:08,940 little more explanation. 218 00:13:08,960 --> 00:13:15,440 Grayson: I am seven and and I live in Flagstaff, Arizona. How 219 00:13:15,440 --> 00:13:19,700 did some bird dinosaurs survive the meteor? 220 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:23,020 Emily: Yeah, so at the time of the dinosaurs, there were what 221 00:13:23,020 --> 00:13:25,660 we would consider true birds. They looked a little different 222 00:13:25,660 --> 00:13:28,600 than birds today. They had teeth, for example, and they had 223 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:31,900 bony tails, like dinosaurs did, but otherwise they probably 224 00:13:31,900 --> 00:13:34,960 would have looked a lot like birds. So of course, they were 225 00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:38,320 small the ones that survived. So the small bodied ones, the 226 00:13:38,320 --> 00:13:40,840 smaller you are, the better your chances of surviving a mass 227 00:13:40,840 --> 00:13:45,325 extinction. So most of those, those birds were small, and they 228 00:13:45,325 --> 00:13:48,445 could also, we think, eat a whole bunch of different things. 229 00:13:48,445 --> 00:13:53,365 So birds can eat seeds, they can eat insects. There's some, not 230 00:13:53,365 --> 00:13:55,825 many, but there's some herbivorous birds as well. They 231 00:13:55,825 --> 00:13:59,905 could eat fish. Some birds today, like like vultures, eat, 232 00:13:59,905 --> 00:14:03,685 carrion, you get things that are already dead. So those birds 233 00:14:03,685 --> 00:14:06,430 that survive probably had a range of diets that they could 234 00:14:06,430 --> 00:14:11,650 eat, and birds can also fly. So they could actually get out of 235 00:14:11,650 --> 00:14:14,890 those areas. If it was really bad where they were living, they 236 00:14:14,890 --> 00:14:17,950 could fly away and find a better place. And that was definitely 237 00:14:18,070 --> 00:14:22,090 something that, you know, something like a triceratops 238 00:14:22,090 --> 00:14:26,110 would not be able to do. So we think those are probably the 239 00:14:26,110 --> 00:14:28,810 reasons why the birds survived. Birds, of course, were also warm 240 00:14:28,855 --> 00:14:32,335 blooded, so even though it got really, you know, really cold, 241 00:14:32,335 --> 00:14:36,535 they could probably find a way to warm up. So lots of 242 00:14:36,535 --> 00:14:39,715 adaptations that that meant that a lot of those groups of birds 243 00:14:39,715 --> 00:14:40,195 survived. 244 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:43,060 Jane: So there were already birds living in the time of the 245 00:14:43,060 --> 00:14:46,780 dinosaurs. But if you've been following dinosaur news over the 246 00:14:46,780 --> 00:14:50,500 course of your lifetime, you already know that birds are 247 00:14:50,500 --> 00:14:53,920 dinosaurs. Stay tuned. We'll explain. 248 00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:59,440 This is But Why: a Podcast for Curious Kids. I'm Jane Lindholm, 249 00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:03,220 and today we're talking dinos with Canadian paleontologist Dr 250 00:15:03,220 --> 00:15:07,105 Emily Bamforth. We were just talking about a mass extinction 251 00:15:07,105 --> 00:15:12,025 event about 66 million years ago that wiped out tons of animals, 252 00:15:12,265 --> 00:15:16,585 including most of the dinosaurs, but there are animals walking, 253 00:15:16,645 --> 00:15:21,745 well, flying among us today that are essentially living 254 00:15:21,745 --> 00:15:23,905 dinosaurs. Let's get into it. 255 00:15:24,260 --> 00:15:29,540 Alice: Hi, my name is Alice. I live in Columbia, Maryland, and 256 00:15:29,540 --> 00:15:33,260 I'm eight. How are birds and dinosaurs related? 257 00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:35,880 Emily: Yeah, so really good question, and this is something 258 00:15:35,880 --> 00:15:38,700 that paleontologists have really only just figured out in the 259 00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:42,900 last kind of 20 or 30 years, and now if you look at a bird, it's 260 00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:46,080 sort of easy to see a dinosaur, like if you look at a bird's 261 00:15:46,080 --> 00:15:49,200 foot, birds have got scaly feet, like dinosaurs, like other 262 00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:52,260 reptiles, and they have claws like like dinosaurs would have 263 00:15:52,260 --> 00:15:54,960 as well. So we now know that a lot of dinosaurs also had 264 00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:59,145 feathers. And so we actually know that now, not only we know 265 00:15:59,145 --> 00:16:02,925 that they're related, birds are actually dinosaurs. Birds are 266 00:16:02,925 --> 00:16:06,405 the dinosaurs that didn't go extinct in that mass extinction. 267 00:16:07,005 --> 00:16:10,785 And there's a whole lot of different lines of of, lines of 268 00:16:10,785 --> 00:16:13,185 evidence, ways that we can tell that by looking at the fossil 269 00:16:13,185 --> 00:16:16,365 record, but dinosaurs are actually still among us in in 270 00:16:16,365 --> 00:16:19,065 the form of birds. And that is kind of mind blowing, and that 271 00:16:19,065 --> 00:16:21,990 totally changed how paleontologists looked at 272 00:16:21,990 --> 00:16:22,710 dinosaurs. 273 00:16:22,950 --> 00:16:25,470 Jane: Birds are dinosaurs. 274 00:16:25,900 --> 00:16:27,940 Emily: Yeah. So that's kind of the way that not only 275 00:16:27,940 --> 00:16:31,300 paleontologists, but biologists kind of think about life. And 276 00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,840 so, for example, humans are mammals, and we're not the only 277 00:16:34,840 --> 00:16:37,240 mammals. There's whole lot of mammals out there. And the thing 278 00:16:37,240 --> 00:16:41,320 that makes us mammals is we have a series of of shared 279 00:16:41,320 --> 00:16:44,080 characteristics. Basically, like, we have hair and we give 280 00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:46,900 birth to life young, and we like, feed the young with milk. 281 00:16:46,960 --> 00:16:50,365 That's what kind of things that makes mammals mammals. But we 282 00:16:50,365 --> 00:16:52,945 all have the same ancestor, like we all have the same like, 283 00:16:52,945 --> 00:16:56,785 great, great, great, great, great, great mammel grandparent, 284 00:16:56,785 --> 00:16:59,485 and because we all came from that grandparent that makes us 285 00:16:59,485 --> 00:17:01,945 all mammals, and I was the same with dinosaurs. So like, 286 00:17:02,665 --> 00:17:05,545 dinosaurs are kind of the great, great, great, great, great 287 00:17:05,545 --> 00:17:08,905 grandparents of birds. And so because they're related, they 288 00:17:08,905 --> 00:17:11,770 have kind of that connection through their their ancestry. 289 00:17:11,830 --> 00:17:15,010 That's what makes them into into dinosaurs, is that they're 290 00:17:15,010 --> 00:17:18,250 related through all of the, you know, all of that geologic time, 291 00:17:18,250 --> 00:17:21,370 and they also have all of those same characteristics. So birds 292 00:17:21,370 --> 00:17:24,130 and dinosaurs that share a lot of things that are the same. 293 00:17:24,500 --> 00:17:28,160 Jane: Remember, most of the dinosaurs that ever existed went 294 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:33,200 extinct. So not all dinosaurs evolved into birds. You could 295 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:37,280 kind of say it like this, all birds are dinosaurs, but not all 296 00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,140 dinosaurs became birds. 297 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:41,820 Emily: The dinosaurs that are closely related to birds. Most 298 00:17:41,820 --> 00:17:45,420 closely related are what we call theropods, and those are 299 00:17:45,420 --> 00:17:48,360 basically bipedal, carnivorous dinosaurs. 300 00:17:48,360 --> 00:17:51,480 Jane: Bi-pedal meaning, walks on two feet and carnivorous, eats 301 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:51,660 meat. 302 00:17:51,700 --> 00:17:54,340 Emily: That's right, so walked on two legs and ate meat. So 303 00:17:54,340 --> 00:17:58,660 those dinosaurs like Velociraptor or dromiosaurus, 304 00:17:58,660 --> 00:18:01,440 even things like T Rex, Albertosaurus, basically that 305 00:18:01,440 --> 00:18:06,000 group of dinosaurs are closely related to birds and things like 306 00:18:06,060 --> 00:18:09,540 Triceratops and the duck billed dinosaurs and the stegosaurs and 307 00:18:09,540 --> 00:18:12,000 the ankalosaurs, even though they're dinosaurs, they're less 308 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:13,500 closely related to birds. 309 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:17,760 Jane: Okay, so if some dinosaurs evolved into birds, did 310 00:18:17,940 --> 00:18:20,100 dinosaurs have feathers? 311 00:18:20,540 --> 00:18:25,160 Charlie: My name is Charlie. I live in Western Massachusetts. I 312 00:18:25,160 --> 00:18:28,760 am eight years old. My question is, how do we know some 313 00:18:28,760 --> 00:18:30,260 dinosaurs had feathers? 314 00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:34,580 Hannah: Hello. My name is Hannah Luis. I am 10 years old, and I 315 00:18:34,580 --> 00:18:41,900 am from South Korea in Daegu. How do people know dinosaurs had 316 00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:42,560 feathers. 317 00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:45,725 Emily: The reason that we know that dinosaurs had feathers is 318 00:18:45,725 --> 00:18:49,205 because we have found dinosaur skeletons with the feathers 319 00:18:49,205 --> 00:18:52,805 still attached. So the most famous, or the very first one 320 00:18:52,805 --> 00:18:55,325 that was found, was the Archaeopteryx. So that was found 321 00:18:55,325 --> 00:18:59,705 in Germany, and when they found it, this is kind of a great 322 00:18:59,705 --> 00:19:02,285 story. When they originally found it, they could see it was 323 00:19:02,285 --> 00:19:05,465 a dinosaur skeleton and that it had all these weird kind of 324 00:19:05,465 --> 00:19:06,018 features in the rock around it, and they actually started to 325 00:19:06,018 --> 00:19:06,031 erase them, because they didn't know what they were. They 326 00:19:06,031 --> 00:19:06,047 thought it was just maybe like a weird thing that was happening 327 00:19:06,047 --> 00:19:15,530 in the rock. And it wasn't until they went more closely that they 328 00:19:15,530 --> 00:19:18,230 realized that these were feathers and that this, at the 329 00:19:18,230 --> 00:19:21,470 time, they called it an ancient bird. We now know that is 330 00:19:21,470 --> 00:19:26,750 basically a feathered dinosaur. And so that that happened like 331 00:19:26,750 --> 00:19:29,930 early in the 19th century, and then it really wasn't until they 332 00:19:29,930 --> 00:19:33,935 found feathered birds in China. China's really well known for 333 00:19:33,935 --> 00:19:37,595 its feathered dinosaurs, and that's when they first really 334 00:19:37,595 --> 00:19:41,495 started to make the link between birds and dinosaurs, because 335 00:19:41,495 --> 00:19:43,295 they're actually finding dinosaurs with feathers. 336 00:19:43,360 --> 00:19:46,120 Jane: And when was that? I mean, you were saying this is only in 337 00:19:46,120 --> 00:19:49,360 the last couple of decades, because when I was a kid, which 338 00:19:49,360 --> 00:19:52,780 was a long time ago, but not as long as the dinosaurs were alive 339 00:19:52,780 --> 00:19:55,480 ago, we didn't talk about it that same way, right? 340 00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:57,520 Emily: And it's actually something that's happened in my 341 00:19:57,520 --> 00:20:01,060 lifetime as well. So here I was, this, like dinosaur crazy kid. 342 00:20:01,480 --> 00:20:04,660 And I remember, I was maybe around 10 years old when the 343 00:20:04,660 --> 00:20:07,720 first the story of the feathered dinosaurs from China really 344 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:10,120 started to kind of hit the press, and you start to see it 345 00:20:10,120 --> 00:20:13,180 in in books and magazines. And it was really, really exciting. 346 00:20:13,180 --> 00:20:16,780 So that was actually in the 1990s so it's, well, I mean, for 347 00:20:16,780 --> 00:20:21,325 me, fairly recent, but again, it's something we've really 348 00:20:21,325 --> 00:20:24,145 started to figure out. In the last 20 or 30 years or so, 349 00:20:24,445 --> 00:20:27,325 Jane: Scientists had had theories for a while that 350 00:20:27,325 --> 00:20:30,925 dinosaurs and birds were related, but in the 1990s 351 00:20:30,985 --> 00:20:35,545 thousands of feathered dinosaur fossils were found. These bird 352 00:20:35,545 --> 00:20:38,725 like dinosaurs, lived alongside those other dinosaurs for a 353 00:20:38,725 --> 00:20:43,570 million years. When the asteroid hit Earth, these avian dinosaurs 354 00:20:43,570 --> 00:20:48,250 survived, and that might explain a lot about dinosaurs and eggs. 355 00:20:48,420 --> 00:20:54,900 Kadence: Hi, my name's Kadence. I'm three and a half years old. 356 00:20:55,320 --> 00:21:02,220 I live in Bellevue, Washington. Why do baby dinosaurs come from 357 00:21:02,280 --> 00:21:02,460 eggs? 358 00:21:02,519 --> 00:21:07,259 Emily: All dinosaurs, as far as we know, laid eggs. Dinosaurs 359 00:21:07,259 --> 00:21:10,559 laid eggs basically because their ancestors laid eggs. So 360 00:21:10,559 --> 00:21:13,559 dinosaurs, that whole group of animals, is kind of related to 361 00:21:13,559 --> 00:21:17,699 they had, kind of a crocodilian, so an ancestor looked a little 362 00:21:17,699 --> 00:21:21,439 bit like a crocodile, and that ancestor laid eggs as well. And 363 00:21:21,439 --> 00:21:24,799 so dinosaurs laid eggs because their ancestors laid eggs, and 364 00:21:24,799 --> 00:21:28,279 they really had no reason to change from laying eggs. So of 365 00:21:28,279 --> 00:21:30,739 course, birds today do because dinosaurs did, because the 366 00:21:30,739 --> 00:21:32,119 dinosaur ancestors did. 367 00:21:33,020 --> 00:21:37,400 Audrey: My name is Audrey, and I live in Arlington, Virginia, and 368 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:41,960 I'm five years old. What are dinosaur eggs made out of? 369 00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:45,620 Emily: Dinosaur eggs are probably made of the same thing 370 00:21:45,620 --> 00:21:48,620 that bird eggs are. So basically just made out of calcium, or 371 00:21:48,620 --> 00:21:53,300 kind of a calcium sort of complex and so dinosaur eggs, 372 00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:55,880 from what we know in the fossil record, probably very similar to 373 00:21:55,925 --> 00:21:58,145 bird eggs, except they're probably a little bit thicker, 374 00:21:58,205 --> 00:22:00,965 because dinosaur eggs, a lot of them, are a lot bigger than bird 375 00:22:00,965 --> 00:22:01,505 eggs today. 376 00:22:01,505 --> 00:22:05,645 Jane: Some bird eggs, like an ostrich egg, are pretty thick, 377 00:22:05,645 --> 00:22:08,285 right? You wouldn't necessarily break them by just squeezing it 378 00:22:08,285 --> 00:22:10,145 in your hand, so maybe kind of like that. 379 00:22:10,320 --> 00:22:12,900 Emily: Yeah. So we're pretty sure that we know that dinosaur 380 00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:16,320 eggs were hard. So there are some reptiles that actually have 381 00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:19,200 soft eggs, like turtle eggs are soft, but dinosaur eggs were 382 00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:21,680 probably hard, like a bird egg, and the bigger they were, 383 00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:24,200 probably the thicker that egg shell was. 384 00:22:24,620 --> 00:22:27,800 Jane: Did you hear Emily Bamforth say, we're pretty sure 385 00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:30,920 we know that dinosaur eggs were hard. They don't know for 386 00:22:30,920 --> 00:22:34,940 certain, because eggs aren't preserved very easily, but 387 00:22:34,940 --> 00:22:38,000 they're learning things all the time about dinosaurs and what 388 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:41,260 they looked like and how they moved and behaved. There are a 389 00:22:41,260 --> 00:22:43,180 lot of things still to learn. 390 00:22:43,300 --> 00:22:46,360 Emily: We have lots and lots of questions about dinosaurs, and 391 00:22:46,360 --> 00:22:48,940 this is why it's great to be a paleontologist where there's no 392 00:22:48,940 --> 00:22:54,100 shortage of questions. So one of the big ones that I'm dealing 393 00:22:54,100 --> 00:22:56,380 with in my research right now is trying to tell the difference 394 00:22:56,380 --> 00:23:01,060 between a male and a female dinosaur. It's really, really 395 00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:04,960 hard to do, because unlike mammals, where, if you look at a 396 00:23:04,960 --> 00:23:07,585 mammal skeleton, it's kind of easy to tell a male from a 397 00:23:07,585 --> 00:23:10,525 female, because the hips are different. But dinosaurs laid 398 00:23:10,525 --> 00:23:13,405 eggs, there's actually very little difference between the 399 00:23:13,405 --> 00:23:16,405 hips of male and female dinosaurs, and we just don't 400 00:23:16,405 --> 00:23:20,665 have enough skulls, enough skeletons, to really know which 401 00:23:20,725 --> 00:23:23,365 which skull is a male skull and which skull is a female skull. 402 00:23:24,385 --> 00:23:28,585 So where, where I work here, we have a big bone bed of an animal 403 00:23:28,585 --> 00:23:32,050 called a pachyrhinosaurus, and we have a bunch of skulls, and 404 00:23:32,050 --> 00:23:34,570 even though we've got a bunch of skulls, we still can't tell the 405 00:23:34,570 --> 00:23:37,270 males from the females. And that's something we'd really 406 00:23:37,270 --> 00:23:40,930 like to do, because that would tell us about how these, if we 407 00:23:40,930 --> 00:23:43,690 have a herd of dinosaurs, like, is it males and females and 408 00:23:43,690 --> 00:23:46,390 equal are they like elephants, where it's like mostly females 409 00:23:46,390 --> 00:23:49,090 in the group, and, you know, they just have one big male with 410 00:23:49,090 --> 00:23:52,030 them. So these things we don't know. So a lot of that 411 00:23:52,075 --> 00:23:55,915 behavioral aspect of dinosaurs we would like to know more 412 00:23:55,915 --> 00:23:59,755 about. It's really hard to study it in the fossil record. And of 413 00:23:59,755 --> 00:24:03,415 course, we're looking for new dinosaurs. There's between kind 414 00:24:03,415 --> 00:24:07,435 of 700 and 1,000 species of dinosaurs known today. But if 415 00:24:07,435 --> 00:24:10,855 you think of how many animals species are on the planet today, 416 00:24:11,035 --> 00:24:14,575 we know that there's, there's 10s of 1000s of more dinosaur 417 00:24:14,575 --> 00:24:17,980 species that we know nothing about. So we would love to find 418 00:24:17,980 --> 00:24:20,860 those as well. So there's still lots and lots of questions. 419 00:24:21,460 --> 00:24:26,680 Dinosaur skin is another one, like the color of dinosaurs. We 420 00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:29,620 we know a little bit about, like, the feathered dinosaurs, 421 00:24:29,620 --> 00:24:33,280 what color they were, but things like triceratops, T Rex, we 422 00:24:33,280 --> 00:24:36,220 still don't know very much about colors there, either. So there's 423 00:24:36,220 --> 00:24:38,200 still lots and lots of questions out there. 424 00:24:38,780 --> 00:24:41,360 Jane: You're in Alberta, Canada. Is that a hot spot for 425 00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:41,840 dinosaurs? 426 00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:45,440 Emily: Yeah. So Alberta is known for its its dinosaur fossils, 427 00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:48,260 and it actually has the same kind of the same sort of rocks 428 00:24:48,260 --> 00:24:51,620 that are in places like Montana and Wyoming and the Dakotas. And 429 00:24:51,620 --> 00:24:54,500 the reason that there are fossils there is is basically 430 00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:57,140 because of an ancient seaway that used to cut through the 431 00:24:57,140 --> 00:24:59,840 middle of North America, and dinosaurs used to live on the 432 00:24:59,840 --> 00:25:04,025 coast of that seaway and because that was a good place to live if 433 00:25:04,025 --> 00:25:06,545 you were dinosaur, but it was also a good place to die if you 434 00:25:06,545 --> 00:25:09,905 wanted to get fossilized. That's why those areas actually have a 435 00:25:09,905 --> 00:25:14,045 lot of dinosaur bones. But there are fossils everywhere, 436 00:25:14,045 --> 00:25:16,685 certainly everywhere in North America, you may not find 437 00:25:16,685 --> 00:25:20,765 dinosaurs, but you might find things like ice age mammals. You 438 00:25:20,765 --> 00:25:25,505 might find fossil fish, fossil shells, fossil leaves. So pretty 439 00:25:25,505 --> 00:25:30,170 much every area of North America has got fossils of some kind. So 440 00:25:30,170 --> 00:25:33,110 you just really kind of have to know what you're looking for. 441 00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:35,160 Jane: You mentioned the pachyrhinosaurus. Can you tell 442 00:25:35,160 --> 00:25:39,900 us about Big Sam, who is one pachyrhinosaurus that you have 443 00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:40,560 helped dig out. 444 00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:44,760 Emily: Big Sam is the, the first skull that has been collected 445 00:25:45,120 --> 00:25:47,880 from our bone bed here. It's called the Pipe Stone Creek bone 446 00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:51,960 bed. It was the first skull collected in almost 20 years. 447 00:25:52,140 --> 00:25:54,900 And it was really cool to find because it was, it was, it's 448 00:25:54,900 --> 00:25:58,905 huge. It's a huge skull for a pachyrhinosaurus, and it's 449 00:25:58,905 --> 00:26:02,265 relatively complete. So pretty much the whole head is there. 450 00:26:02,265 --> 00:26:04,065 Jane: If you were holding it. How big is it? 451 00:26:04,605 --> 00:26:09,585 Emily: It's about a meter and a half long and pachyrhinosarus 452 00:26:09,585 --> 00:26:12,225 have with this big, huge, bony bump over their nose called a 453 00:26:12,225 --> 00:26:16,425 boss. So the boss is almost a meter wide as well. So this 454 00:26:16,425 --> 00:26:18,345 thing is absolutely enormous. 455 00:26:18,345 --> 00:26:21,570 Jane: So you couldn't pick it up by yourself without worrying 456 00:26:21,570 --> 00:26:22,350 about dropping it. 457 00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:27,880 Emily: Oh, no, it, it weighs almost 500 pounds. So it was, it 458 00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:30,460 was a big job to get it out of the ground. We had to use that 459 00:26:30,460 --> 00:26:33,880 like a shop crane, and then we needed, like, like a hydraulic 460 00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:37,540 lift to get it off the ground. And it took us from the better 461 00:26:37,540 --> 00:26:40,660 part of two years to actually get to get out of the bone bed, 462 00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:44,500 and now it's currently in our preparation lab, and it'll be 463 00:26:44,500 --> 00:26:47,425 probably another 12 months or so before it's ready to be 464 00:26:47,425 --> 00:26:51,385 displayed and to be studied. But yeah, certainly, one of the the 465 00:26:51,385 --> 00:26:54,445 coolest things I think I've ever found in the bone bed was this 466 00:26:54,445 --> 00:26:55,945 big, big, giant skull. 467 00:26:56,725 --> 00:27:01,285 Jane: What does it feel like when you start to think, Oh, I 468 00:27:01,285 --> 00:27:03,685 think that's, yes, it is, oh my gosh, it is something like, what 469 00:27:03,685 --> 00:27:05,065 does it feel like in your body? 470 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:09,020 Emily: So it, it is actually like, like, an adrenaline rush. 471 00:27:09,020 --> 00:27:11,480 Like, you know, your heart is pounding, and you get so, so 472 00:27:11,480 --> 00:27:15,740 excited. And I remember when we found Big Sam because the skull 473 00:27:15,740 --> 00:27:18,680 was actually flipped upside down, so the roof of the mouth 474 00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:21,980 was pointing up. And that's not a way you expect to find a 475 00:27:21,980 --> 00:27:26,360 skull. And we, we found a few little bits and pieces, and we 476 00:27:26,360 --> 00:27:29,120 thought it was, it was just isolated bits of skull that were 477 00:27:29,120 --> 00:27:32,525 kind of scattered around. And then I remember towards the end 478 00:27:32,525 --> 00:27:34,745 of the season, we found the palette, like the roof of the 479 00:27:34,745 --> 00:27:37,505 mouth, and it was connected to all of these things. And we're 480 00:27:37,505 --> 00:27:41,645 like this, this is actually a real skull, like a skull that is 481 00:27:41,645 --> 00:27:46,145 put together. And again, it is, it is an adrenaline rush, like 482 00:27:46,145 --> 00:27:49,805 your like, heart is pounding, and it's, it's so, so exciting. 483 00:27:49,805 --> 00:27:52,790 And then you step back and you're like, oh, well, now we 484 00:27:52,790 --> 00:27:55,550 actually have to get this thing out of the ground without 485 00:27:55,550 --> 00:27:57,530 breaking it, which is the next step. 486 00:27:58,020 --> 00:28:01,860 Jane: Can you imagine being the person like Emily who finds a 487 00:28:01,860 --> 00:28:06,480 dinosaur skull and then gets to work on it, and once it's out of 488 00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:09,720 the ground, there's still so much studying to be done and 489 00:28:09,720 --> 00:28:13,080 research to connect that one animal skull to what's known 490 00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:16,380 about this type of dinosaur, or to learn something new that's 491 00:28:16,380 --> 00:28:20,625 never been realized before. No wonder so many of us are 492 00:28:20,625 --> 00:28:24,645 fascinated by dinosaurs and want to be paleontologists when we 493 00:28:24,645 --> 00:28:28,845 grow up, there is still so much to discover about the world that 494 00:28:28,845 --> 00:28:33,705 existed millions and millions of years before we did. That's it 495 00:28:33,705 --> 00:28:37,845 for this episode. Thanks to Dr. Emily Bamforth, museum curator 496 00:28:37,845 --> 00:28:42,465 at the Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum in Alberta, Canada, as 497 00:28:42,465 --> 00:28:45,630 always, if you have a question about anything, have an adult 498 00:28:45,630 --> 00:28:48,930 record, you asking it on a smartphone using an app like 499 00:28:48,930 --> 00:28:51,690 voice memos, then have them email the file to 500 00:28:52,410 --> 00:28:57,210 questions@butwhykids.org. But Why is produced by Sarah Baik, 501 00:28:57,270 --> 00:29:00,930 Melody Bodette, and me, Jane Lindholm at Vermont Public and 502 00:29:00,930 --> 00:29:05,190 distributed by PRX. Our video producer is Joey Palumbo, and 503 00:29:05,190 --> 00:29:08,475 our theme music is by Luke Reynolds. If you like our show, 504 00:29:08,475 --> 00:29:11,595 please have your adults help you give us a thumbs up or a review 505 00:29:11,655 --> 00:29:15,555 on whatever podcast platform you use to listen to us, it helps 506 00:29:15,555 --> 00:29:19,575 other kids and families find us. We'll be back in two weeks with 507 00:29:19,575 --> 00:29:23,835 an all new episode until then, stay curious.