JACK: How many zero-days have you found?
KYLE: It doesn’t really matter. I don’t
really keep count but I guess it’s probably over a hundred.
JACK: A hundred zero-days you think you might have found?
KYLE: Well, I don’t know if I can count them as zero-days. I mean yeah,
they hadn’t been found before, at least disclosed before, but sometimes in application you could
have three or four things wrong with it that hadn’t been disclosed before. I’m
not some kind of super hacker or anything but yeah, I guess it’s about that. Anyone
can do it. It just takes a little bit of practice and a lot of determination.
JACK (INTRO):
This is Darknet Diaries, true stories from the dark side of the internet. I’m Jack Rhysider.
JACK: Home is private and personal. Home is safe and secure. Home is protected and intimate. We
don’t allow strangers to simply walk into our home and take our most private things like bank
statements or photographs. We know when our door is locked and when our window is shut. We know
this keeps strangers out but sometimes there are other ways strangers can enter our home and take
our most precious things. These strangers can do this from thousands of miles away.
KYLE: My name is Kyle Lovett. I am a Senior Penetration Tester right now with Veracode.
JACK: Kyle’s day job is penetration testing. He is paid to test the security of a company
to see if there’s a way a hacker can get into the network. But that’s not what this story is
about. This story is about the time in 2013 when Kyle bought a new router for his home.
KYLE: Yeah, I was looking at the new Asus router, the N66.
JACK: Kyle’s friend had the new Asus N66 home router and recommended it to Kyle.
This was not a cheap router. It was one of the high-end ones coming in at just over $300.
KYLE: They were the hottest routers on the market, or at least one of the hottest
routers on the market. No one can deny the hardware on it is quite impressive. It was
very popular especially around the IT crowd. A lot of IT folks had those routers in their home.
JACK: Kyle bought it and took it home.
KYLE: Something struck me as a little odd when I got home and was looking for the actual product.
JACK: As he was setting up his new router he was noticing that it had a
lot of features on by default, too many features.
KYLE: A VPN installed on it, an FTP server installed on it, Samba for the file sharing
internally in the network. It also had several different web servers running on it. I was like,
this can’t be safe. This can’t be. There was something – gotta be [inaudible] here,
because there’s so much on it. It just seemed like it was too good to be true kind of thing.
JACK: First thing he noticed was the default user name was admin and the default password
was also admin. At no point was he prompted to change this password.
For many people who own this device, they likely didn’t change their password on it
and it was left as admin/admin. These kind of weak default settings often upsets Kyle.
He changed his default password and continued setting up his new router.
KYLE: I just started fiddling with it like I would do a normal web app pen test. Port
80 had the administration interface with it and then port 443 had the AI Cloud,
or the Cloud interface with it, which is what I concentrated on.
JACK: One of the features he enabled was an FTP server. He plugged in an external hard
drive into the router and enabled the FTP server. This feature turns the router into
a network storage device. This allowed users to store backup files, their music collection,
personal photos, past tax records, whatever people put on their external hard drives.
KYLE: The thing that caught my interest was when I turned FTP on,
as I do once in a while, I scan my own IP address. I realized that port 21 was
open with anonymous access. I was like, whoa! Hold on here.
JACK: [MUSIC] What he found was not only could he access his personal photos from within his
house through the router, but because the router was on the internet with a public IP address he
was sharing all his data to the entire world. To make matters worse, there was no password needed
to access his files. If a hacker knew you had this router and you had plugged a hard drive into it,
that hacker could see all the files you had on the hard drive from thousands of miles away.
KYLE: Yeah, I had plugged in one of my external hard drives to the back
of it and that’s really what got me piqued. Like, hold on.
JACK: Once Kyle found one security issue with the router he began using
his penetration testing skills to see if he could find something else.
KYLE: What I did was I just started looking and fuzzing. I didn’t even really need to
fuzz all that much. All of the file paths were right there. I realized what I was looking at.
JACK: Using a few simple tools he found the directory structure and
where certain files were stored. One of the files he found was a file that
contained the username and password of the router itself. What startled
him about this was that the password was stored in clear text in just a plain file.
KYLE: I literally could go to my browser and browse up in the browser the HTTPS IP
address/smb/tmp/lightep, which was the name of the web server that I was using, permissions. When
you do that it drops a text file for you that has admin and then whatever their password would be;
admin/admin if they didn’t change their default password. That only took me maybe twenty,
twenty-five minutes to find – of testing and that wasn’t even really hard fuzzing,
smart fuzzing, or looking at any kind of vulnerabilities.
JACK: This means any guest within his home could easily find the
password to Kyle’s router. Someone could just use a regular browser and
go to the URL and see his password. No authentication was required to see
this but Kyle thought about this a little longer. KYLE: Hold on, hold on. Can I get to this from the
outside when port 443 is open? Because I enabled the AI Cloud service which is their own particular
cloud service that has a built-in – they do things like you can sync your iTunes to it, you can sync
your phone to it. I was able to get to it from the outside as well with a clear text password.
Then I called another friend who lived quite far away and I asked him if I could – I knew he had
one as well. He had actually recommended it to me. I said can I look at yours? And sure enough,
I was able to get his clear text password right off the bat. That was kind of scary.
JACK: Now he realized that if anyone enabled the AI Cloud feature of this
router, then anyone on the internet can easily find the password to this router.
KYLE: You could literally create a list of all of the Asus routers
there are in the world with that directory structure and just snag
each one of them that had port 443 open. JACK: He was becoming increasingly concerned
about the security of this router. He was running it with the latest patches and updates
and it had all these security problems. He began researching whether this was a known bug or not.
KYLE: It kind of scared me a little bit because I knew how popular this router was. I quickly
looked online to see if anyone else had found it, hoping somebody else had found it. When I
didn’t find anyone else had found it I was like, uh-oh. I better spend a little more time on this.
JACK: At this point Kyle had a long list of security flaws
he found in this router. These issues were…
KYLE: The clear text password was in an unprotected directory structure. You had the FTP
problem, Samba for the file sharing internally in the network, which was one of my other findings,
then you had the bigger problem of the default passwords which was admin/admin.
JACK: The router also has a VPN built into it,
which by combining these vulnerabilities an attacker can gain access to your entire
home network just as if someone is in your house using your WiFi.
KYLE: It was disturbing to say the least.
JACK: It became evident to Kyle that anyone with this router has a very insecure home
network. Kyle used a website called Shodan to try to understand the size of this problem.
Shodan is a website that scans the entire internet to see what IPs are alive and
what ports are open. It also tries to get the type of system that’s running on those
IPs. Kyle found at least 50,000 people were running the vulnerable FTP server.
KYLE: The fifty, sixty, seventy thousand that were vulnerable,
that was just to the FTP. You’re talking two to three times that amount to the port 443
and then the port 80 default password. That was the really disturbing thing,
is that attackers could use it as a one-stop shop to dump all their – whatever malicious
files they were sharing or downloading. It even came with a torrent download little program.
Then they could use the VPN of these people, whoever the end users were, wherever they were,
to then proxy – kind of proxy their attacks or their malicious deeds online furthermore.
JACK: Kyle was now understanding the massive size of this problem. This high-end expensive
router that he had purchased was full of glaring security vulnerabilities and bugs that were not
yet known to the vendor or discussed publically. It made over 100,000 people vulnerable to attacks
in their own home, attacks such as taking their files, accessing internal computers,
controlling the user’s router, or using the router to wage attacks on other systems.
KYLE: The end user, until their router started going down,
I doubt would ever have the knowledge that anything was happening to them at all.
JACK: When software has security bugs in it and the vendor is not aware of the problem,
this is called a zero-day vulnerability. It’s called a zero-day because that’s how many days
since the vendor has been aware of the problem. Once the vendor is aware of the problem it’s no
longer a zero-day and the vendor can work on releasing a fix. Now put yourself in Kyle’s
shoes for a moment. You’ve just found numerous unfixed bugs in a very popular home router. This
bug allows you to access the private networks of over 100,000 homes around the world. Not only can
you easily get into the home network but you can also have the ability to see all their files and
use their router as a proxy. What would you do if you had this kind of knowledge and capability?
Would you go around looking at everyone’s files to see what they had? Would you try to sell these
exploits on the dark market for some Bitcoin? How would it make you feel to be in this situation?
KYLE: I was kind of angry that I had bought this thing with this glaring vulnerability.
I wanted to get Asus on board right away with it, get their info set group or whatever team
they had doing security to fix it right away because it affected more than just a few people.
JACK: For Kyle the choice was easy. Not even once did he try to view someone else’s files
or use this knowledge for anything malicious. He simply wanted this bug fixed to help improve
security for thousands of people. In fact, he was a customer too and he wanted the bug fixed
for his own router. He began trying to figure out how to contact Asus, the makers of this router.
KYLE: I think it was around February or March I sent my first e-mail. I hadn’t
done much in the way of public disclosures before and whenever I had found something,
it was usually – I would send an anonymous note in, which I did for about a month. Didn’t get any
response back to my anonymous e-mail account. I had a fake name in there. I said you know what,
I’m going to use my real name and my real e-mail address because this is that important.
JACK: Kyle sent Asus another e-mail, this time using his real name. Three
weeks go by. Still no response from Asus, so Kyle sends them another e-mail in May.
KYLE: They did respond; they say okay, we’ll take a look at it.
JACK: Kyle was somewhat relieved to have finally gotten a response but he wasn’t
going to be satisfied until the fix was released. He waited two more weeks which
has now been two months since he first notified them of this problem. There’s
still no bug fix or press release telling customers that this problem exists. In fact,
Asus hasn’t even confirmed they see a problem yet. He was starting to lose patience with them.
KYLE: I sent another e-mail and then another couple e-mails after that. I wasn’t trying to
hound them. I just wanted them to say yeah, we’ve confirmed that this is a vulnerability
because I kind of wanted to forget it and move on. After about a month of that I decided to go
with the partial disclosure online to kind of prod them to move a little bit faster because
they weren’t warning their customers and people were just going out and buying these routers.
JACK: What Kyle decided to do was post the bug he found publically online for anyone to see. This
was a hard decision to make. On one hand, he’s notifying the customers there’s a bug in their
router which lets strangers access their router and connect to their drives, but on the other
hand he’s going to be giving keys to hackers which they can use to enter thousands of people’s homes.
KYLE: What I know as far as being an individual independent researcher,
my voice doesn’t carry a lot of weight so when I find something individually and the vendor doesn’t
want to fix it or they don’t care about it, the only tool we really have at our discretion,
unless you’re really connected in with some reporters or something, but is to embarrass
them. Embarrass them into fixing the bug. Unfortunately embarrassing them sometimes
means giving a proof of concept that this is truly a bug and here’s the proof of concept. Yes,
I know the bad guys are also going to see this proof of concept but some vendors just don’t
care until the PR hits them. When the PR hits and the bad press hits and it gets out there
that they have a buggy application or a buggy router or switch or whatever it is, then they
get moving on fixing it. It’s a dangerous thing for us to do because we get – I’ve had lawsuit
threats before. It doesn’t feel too good to know that because you disclosed something people have
gone and exploited it but as I said, I’ve told my wife and several other people, said I don’t break
the software applications. It would be impossible to do. I only point out where it’s already broken.
JACK: This concept of posting a security vulnerability publically for the world to
see is called full disclosure. This topic is often debated in the security community.
Kyle was hesitant to share all his findings with the public, though.
KYLE: I went with a partial disclosure, not really getting into details about what it was
but saying what it could do. I briefly mentioned the FTP issue but I didn’t go into depth about it.
JACK: Now Kyle watched and waited for Asus to respond. Three more weeks went by. It’s
now been four months since he first brought this to their attention and they still haven’t
even confirmed they agree it’s a flaw. Kyle decided to take it a step further.
KYLE: That’s when I went on there and I put that one disclosure about the clear
text password which got picked up. A bunch of outlets picked it up and they ran from there,
crazy. I didn’t mention the FTP thing because I thought that was really damaging if all
of a sudden I just threw those 70,000 people under the bus. I know full disclosure really
should be full disclosure and today I probably would have done it a little differently.
JACK: [MUSIC] Security blogs, websites, and news outlets saw Kyle’s disclosure and began
writing articles about the glaring security flaw. They were able to articulate exactly
how bad this issue was. Customers began getting upset and demanding Asus to fix the problem.
KYLE: That got them in gear to at least fix a couple of the issues but the FTP
issue went – remained unfixed through August and September.
JACK: So Kyle e-mailed them again. This time Asus
connected Kyle with someone from PR who’s also a liaison to developers.
KYLE: He said, okay, well we’ll take a look at it but this is by design. This is by design.
We call it, and I kid you not, infinite sharing. This is our infinite sharing,
I don’t know, I guess you would call it, I don’t know, an upsell or something,
that it was supposed to be so you could share with your – everybody. I
said everybody? Like everything on your hard drive could be shared with them?
JACK: This response did not satisfy Kyle.
KYLE: I was like, oh, come the F on. Jesus Christ,
no. But I just let it go at that point because they weren’t going to fix it.
They knew about it but there’s really – sometimes you can’t really do anything.
JACK: October passes. November passes. December and January pass. At this point all the bugs Kyle
found were public knowledge. Partially from the clues he mentioned and partially because of the
extra attention on Asus. The vulnerabilities he found were present on ten different Asus
router models. Knowledge of this vulnerability continued to spread around the internet. Unwanted
strangers were now going around looking into people’s files. It’s a high probability that
every Asus FTP server was accessed by multiple strangers at this time. They probably looked
through the files and took anything that looked interesting, and even uploaded files as a stash
point. An unknown group of people tried to take matters into their own hands. They did a scan on
the internet and looked for all vulnerable Asus routers and found just over ten thousand IPs
that were running the anonymous FTP server. They accessed each one of these routers and
left a note. It said, “Warning. You are vulnerable. This is an automated message
sent to everyone who was affected. Your Asus router and your documents can be accessed by
anyone in the world with an internet connection. Solution: completely disable FTP and AI Cloud
immediately.” The note was signed by /G. This may mean the hackers originated from the technology
board on 4Chan which uses /G as their name. The note also called this incident ASUSGATE.
Let’s try to understand the feeling of being a victim to this. Imagine you go to sleep at night
in your nice, cozy, safe, warm bed and sleep peacefully through the night. You wake up,
walk into the bathroom, use the toilet, and when you look in the mirror there’s a note written on
it telling you there has been a door open in your home for eight months and anyone can walk in.
The creepiness feeling you get when you realize someone has been in your router looking at your
files is unexplainable. It’s a feeling of being violated and it’s horrible. Asus customers were
outraged that their hard drives and files were accessed. Now, because the FTP server did not
have a password on it, it’s questionable whether accessing it is illegal or not. If there’s no
restriction keeping people out, then some laws say it’s legal to access it. The hackers did
not use any special tool, or bypass, or hack, or trick to access the files. They used a standard
FTP client and no password was required to do what they did. Since Asus said this
was a feature and not a security bug, then it’s even more likely that this act was not criminal.
KYLE: That got Asus back in gear but Asus contacted me like I had done it. In fact,
a couple of people were like oh, so why did you do that? I’m like, I didn’t do that. Some
other group did. They had good intentions. They were just dropping a text file on their FTP but
I certainly wouldn’t have done it in that manner if I had done something like that.
JACK: The news of the hackers uploading notes to people’s routers made its way to major news
networks. In fact, Kyle was even interviewed by CNN at one point to explain the situation.
He was nervous about the interview and was impressed at how big the news had become.
KYLE: It got fairly big and a little concerned for my first disclosure publically.
JACK: Eventually Asus fixed all the bugs Kyle had reported, but after that Kyle found even
more bugs in their fixed versions and reported them, too. Eventually Asus resolved these issues,
too. A few years later in February 2016, United States Federal Trade Commission
filed a case against Asus. The FTC believed a law may have been broken by Asus. Five months
later a verdict is reached. The FTC saw proof that over 10,000 customers had their data accessed by
an unwanted intruder. The FTC said Asus was not addressing security issues in a timely manner.
Asus settled on the case and the FTC approved the following orders that Asus must comply with:
Asus must not mislead their customers about security flaws. They must clearly notify their
customers publically when a security update is available. They must conduct security audits on
their products. This includes penetration testing, employee training, code reviews,
risk assessments, and more. The security audits must be submitted to the FTC to prove they have
taken place. If Asus failed to comply with any of these orders they will be fined $16,000 for
each violation. The harshest part of the FTC orders is that the FTC is requiring audits
to continue for the next twenty years. Asus has to comply with these orders until 2036. [MUSIC]
KYLE: To this day there are still two to three thousand – and it’s how many years
later? Three and a half years later? If you go on Shodan you’ll see two to
three thousand people still have the old firmware on that exposes their entire FTP
and therefore all of their internal hard drives they have plugged into the back of
that router to the world as an anonymous reroute access, which is quite scary.
JACK: Thousands of people remain vulnerable still because they simply haven’t patched their router.
There’s a fix available but they either aren’t aware of it or don’t care to fix it. If you have
an Asus router, it’s a good idea to keep it up to date and patched up. There are now new methods for
security researchers to work with vendors to fix these problems. Some companies will offer a bounty
reward for any security bugs found. These bounties can result in researchers making thousands of
dollars by finding a single vulnerability. For the record, Kyle never did ask for bounty reward and
nor was he offered any bounty reward for his findings in the Asus routers. The Department
of Homeland Security has a branch called The US Computer Emergency Readiness Team, or US-Cert.
KYLE: US-Cert has really stepped up its game. A lot of people now go to US-Cert who will do
that work for them; that will get in touch with the vendor and do the disclosure and do
it publically. Thank them for really stepping up and helping a lot of us. I don’t really have to
do full disclosure hardly anymore because I can go to US-Cert on most items and say hey,
can you help us out here? I’ve been trying to go with this vendor, they don’t want to
be responsive, and kind of put the ball in their court because they’re working with DHS,
they’re working with MITRE and some other people to do that kind of work for the community.
JACK: I’m curious Kyle, what home router do you use today?
KYLE: Oh, right now I have the Xfinity – they actually have two models. That one
for 100 MBs streaming and one for the regular size streaming which I actually
found a vulnerability with because the actual firmware of this and the router’s
hardware itself is actually made by Cisco who I disclosed three zero-days on those.
JACK: It sounds like no matter where Kyle looks,
he finds bugs in these home routers and even business-class routers.
KYLE: I think they’ve still got a long way to go and I still think that security is
an afterthought in most of the vendors. Until that mentality changes and until
they really put some thought into getting some good pen tester to test their product,
we’re still going to continue to see these things.
JACK (OUTRO): [OUTRO MUSIC] You’ve been listening to Darknet Diaries. For show notes and links check
out darknetdiaries.com. Music is provided by Ian Alex Mac, Kevin MacLeod, and Tabletop Audio.
[OUTRO MUSIC ENDS]