JACK: Okay, so, I read about this story about a video game that I thought was interesting.
So, it starts out on Steam. Steam is a video game marketplace, right, and you can download Steam,
and through there you could buy video games to play and stuff. It’s a nice
system. I like Steam because it provides a sort of standardized way to get games. See,
before this, games for the PC were just all over the internet.
There was no central place to go other than your local GameStop, and you had no idea if the game
you found on the internet was legit or not. It could have malware in it, or maybe it wasn’t
a complete game, or some weird, knock-off, pirated version. Steam saw this problem, too,
and this is why they made the marketplace, and they developed a three-step process that all games
must go through before they can be sold on Steam. First is that you have to submit your Steam page,
then you have to submit your game for review, and then if those things are approved by Steam,
you have the option to publish your game on their platform. Yeah, well, someone looked at this and
they were like, hm, I wonder if I can get my game onto Steam without having to go through any
of that process? So, they made the most boring game you can think of called Watch Paint Dry.
Yes, in fact, if you downloaded and installed this game, all you do is sit there and watch paint dry.
Surely a game this stupid would be rejected by Steam. Well, this game developer started going
through the steps on how to get a game into Steam. They first created a developer’s account and was
going through the process, but during those steps on Steam’s website, there were some questions,
and one of them was a drop-down menu that asked what stage your game is in.
Well, this person decided to try submitting some answers that weren’t in the drop-down options,
which returned some weird results. Using that information, they were able to send data to
Steam saying the game is currently published. They basically skipped the first two steps where Steam
had to review it and just tricked the website into thinking it was published. Sure enough,
that worked. The game was available on Steam for anyone to download. Watch Paint
Dry bypassed all the checks to get onto Steam. It was there for like, a whole day before they
noticed it and took it down. Steam has fixed this problem so you can’t bypass it anymore,
but it’s an interesting exercise, isn’t it, to try to trick a video game marketplace to list
your game as been reviewed and approved which makes the users trust that this game is okay?
There’s a lot of trickery that goes on in the world of video games.
(INTRO): [INTRO MUSIC] These are true stories from the dark side of the internet. I’m
Jack Rhysider. This is Darknet Diaries. [INTRO MUSIC ENDS]
JACK:
I’m real excited about this episode because I think this is one of the most-requested episodes
I’ve been asked to make. But even though a lot of you have sent me article after article about this
story, the problem is, the main guy in this story, Gary Bowser, has been unreachable, until now.
GARY: Testing one, two, three. Testing one, two, three.
PROXIMITY SOUND: Alright, I’m recording when you are, Jack; anytime.
JACK: Great, thank you. Hi, Gary.
GARY: Hello, Jack.
JACK: Good to hear from you. What is it like being on the outside?
GARY: It’s interesting. It’s a lot of getting used to.
There’s things that I’ve taken for granted. Today, just sitting outside waiting come here, the rain
had stopped, and watching the squirrels and listening to the birds sing, it’s — it was — and
smelling the flowers and the garden, it was like, I never even felt that in three years. So,
that was — it was a new experience to me all over again. So, little things like that are amazing.
JACK: [MUSIC] So, what happened to Gary? Well, let’s find out.
So, let’s go back; 1984. 1984, is that right?
GARY: Yeah, it’s a long time ago, actually. Well, I was born in 1969,
and by 1979, I was already working on computers and stuff. So, by 1984, I had already started
my own company and was manufacturing software at that time for the tech system at Home Computers.
JACK: So, Gary is in his fifties now, but to properly tell this story, we need to go back
in time to the eighties. At this point, Windows wasn’t even a thing yet. Apple
was just tinkering around in their garage. So, who was the big player in the personal
computing scene? Texas Instruments. They built this little machine that you could play a few
games on and type on and do some basic tasks. Gary loved it and thought it was really cool.
GARY: The home computer world crashed in the ‘83, ‘84 period. Everybody went belly-up; Commodore,
Atari, TI, Timex/Sinclar. The whole industry collapsed. [MUSIC] So, there was a huge market of
people that wanted to support the machines. Now, the manufacturers
weren’t making them anymore, but there was hundreds of millions sold. So, that’s where
the original hobbyist market came out and people were grouping together trying to
figure how to program the machines themselves, make new hardware, and continue supporting the
equipment. So, that’s one of the areas where my company fitted in. I was manufacturing devices;
originally just software and then eventually hardware, and that continued keeping the
machine alive, waiting until new ones came out. So, it was a very profitable business when I
started it in the eighties until it started to die out in the nineties when Windows came out.
JACK: Gary would program software using the BASIC programming language, Assembly,
and Texas Instruments’ own proprietary language called GPL. He’d make little programs on it to
make the computer do more stuff. But then on top of that, he was also creating replacement
parts for this computer, because if something were to go bad, Texas Instruments wasn’t making
replacement parts, and Gary loved this little machine, and he knew how. So, he would just get
the parts and solder them together and make new parts like graphic processors and other hardware.
GARY: I was sourcing the parts from the company, the video processors and the memory, but I was
actually making the — I designed the circuit boards myself; I had a contract manufacturer.
Then bringing the parts in from like, Arrow, and then I had employees that were hand-soldering the
devices together, and we were shipping them out by mail order once the orders came in.
JACK: He was manufacturing computer parts, and I find that fairly impressive. He was
certainly ahead of his time to be a start-up computer part maker in the 1980s, right?
GARY: I didn’t actually start making the hardware until about 1990. The
first part of the eighties was just concentrating on software.
So, it was around ‘89, 1990, I started actually manufacturing hardware. I had a lot of inside
contacts in Texas Instrument that had released information on how the video processors worked.
TI licensed the original code to Yamaha, so I just piggy-backed on using the processor from Yamaha
and finding a way to make it compatible with the Texas Instrument, which required some changes in
the operating system, and that — I actually went back to Texas Instrument and got a license from
them to modify the original operating system so that it would support the newer graphic systems.
JACK: This is an interesting note that I want you to keep in your head; Gary was making
programs for this computer and then working on ways to even improve the whole system. Like,
making it work even better than intended and have more features and abilities. He was altering the
computers so much that he asked Texas Instruments for permission to do this just to play it safe.
They were done with that system and didn’t really care. In fact, they did a whole tax write-off to
dissolve that whole arm of the company that was working on this, so they didn’t mind him
cracking it open and modifying it to his heart’s content. They were fine if he even made money
on his mods or software, and I think that’s the way things should be. It’s how we progress with
technology. It’s to improve upon someone else’s code and someone else’s hardware, and the improved
versions take us to new places, and it becomes a new standard for how things work. So, to me, this
sounds great that he was modifying this little computer to do bigger and better things with it.
GARY: Back then, I never owned a Super Nintendo or a Nintendo or even a Atari. I wasn’t interested in
it. But when Windows came out, things started to change. [MUSIC] My business started to
go downhill, people were moving on, they were starting to build PC computers. There was no more
market for Texas Instrument stuff. So, I switched my business into — with another partner, we formed
a company called Gen-X Computers, and I started building custom PCs based on people’s orders.
From that type of business, I started repairing video game systems. So, by 2001, there was a lot
of video game consoles. People were coming in with PlayStation 1s, original Xboxes,
and it went from building computers to fixing the video game systems. So, that’s where it slowly
slid, because there was no more market for the Texas Instrument systems during that time period.
JACK: Fixing broken video game systems; this seems like an easy pivot for him. After all,
a gaming system is simply a computer. It has a graphics processor, microchips,
logic boards, same as a computer, but there was a big difference.
GARY: The biggest difference with the video game systems is there were no computers that were
manufactured in the seventies and the eighties — they allowed you, right out of the box, to program
it. They came with a language. They came with a manual that told you how it worked. You could
just sit down and start typing code and using it, recording it to cassette tape if you didn’t
own a floppy drive, or recording it to a floppy drive yourself. But with the video game systems,
that wasn’t possible. So, that’s where the sly came in, is like, well, why? This is a computer.
It has memory. It has everything on it. Why can’t we just sit there and program it ourselves?
So, that’s where the — I slowly started switching to the dark side. I wanted to see these systems
unlocked. It was difficult to repair the systems, too, because you couldn’t just source the parts.
With a computer, it was easy; you could order new memory chips from Future. You could order
new processors from the original company. You could remove them and put them in. Now
they had custom stuff and you couldn’t just put a new device in. So, there was more of an
intrigue there of like, well, how come I just can’t replace the lens in the PlayStation 1?
JACK: I mean, is it really Gary who’s going to the dark side to try to code these things or modify
them, or is it Nintendo going to the dark side by locking out developers and purposely making
it hard for them to modify it in any way? Nintendo did not want people tinkering with their system.
Adding things to it or writing any custom software for their system was just a big no-no for them.
I want to remind you that the NES system was just a little computer. It had a bootstrap,
bios, firmware that all needs to load before it can execute a game. I mean,
just look at the first version of the NES; it was called Famicom, which is sort for
Family Computer. It’s clearly a computer. Now, when something failed on the Nintendo NES, it
was very tricky to fix it. You might find someone who knows a few basic things that they could try,
like maybe taking a part out of another NES and putting it in yours, but Nintendo wasn’t helpful
at showing you how these things were architected to allow you to fix it or buy replacement parts.
So, by hiding all this info, it made it extra-hard for people to just fix their own systems,
and it also made it really tricky to modify them, to improve upon them, to upgrade them.
They also used weird custom hardware that — was just crazy hard to find those parts. It’s like
these game system makers were anti-innovation. They did not want people to customize or add
on anything special to their systems; just play the games that we approve the way we want you to,
and that’s it. Don’t try any funny business with your own computer. Was there pushback from the
video game makers of like, hey, what are you doing getting inside our consoles? What’s going on here?
GARY: Not originally. I mean, the original stuff that was done, like on the PS1 and
the original Xbox, there was no pushback whatsoever. They looked at it as just a
percentage of loss in business, and they would take more protection on their disks if piracy
started happening. In the PlayStation 1, when the first chips started to come out, I’d bypass
their boot-up system — they added more checks on the game itself to look and shut it down.
Electronic Arts, the publishers themselves, were the ones that were more into locking out
system — Electronic Arts was one of the first ones that started adding anti-piracy stuff on the PS1.
JACK: Okay, so, yeah, people in the gaming scene were taking these systems apart and
trying to modify it, making the game systems do new things that they didn’t originally do,
and the game-makers hated this. They wanted desperately to keep their systems from being
tampered with, and started making games that wouldn’t work if you did tamper with it.
GARY: So, the original PS1 chips wouldn’t shut down. They would just keep injecting the signal.
So, Electronics Arts, they added code in their game itself to check to see that signal was
still being injected. Then they were like, well, that must be — it must be modified because we’re
not sending a signal anymore from the disk. Why is the signal still there? So, then newer
chips had to come out. They were called stealth chips that would shut down after a little while,
and that would bypass the original checks that EA did.
JACK: Let’s back up a second. [MUSIC] As I’m learning about all this, I’m getting
super fascinated with the history of video game systems. So, before the PS1 was the Nintendo,
and there was some drama going around over the air that’s worth highlighting.
There was a UK game developer in the nineties called Codemasters, and they started making
games for the Commodore 64, which is just an early computer, and you didn’t need to ask Commodore for
permission to make a video game for their system. In fact, Commodore made it super easy for you to
program on it. It came with a compiler that was easy to access. So, Codemasters made games for
it. Then when Nintendo came out with the NES, Codemasters wanted to make games for this,
too. But there was a big problem with this plan; Nintendo only wanted approved games to be played
on their gaming console. So, they were strict on what game studios got a license to make games for
Nintendo, and they didn’t share any information publicly like how to develop for it or anything
unless you had a license. What’s more is NES had a little lockout chip that would check
if the game you inserted was licensed, and if it wasn’t, it wouldn’t let you play it.
Well, Codemasters thought, this is an interesting challenge, and poked and
prodded at the NES until they figured out how to get an unlicensed game to load on the NES,
bypassing the lockout chip. With this, they were able to create and sell NES games. Nintendo was
not happy about this. An unlicensed game for sale on our system? How dare you! But Codemasters took
it a step further. Since they had this working knowledge of how the NES loaded games and stuff,
they developed something called a Game Genie. This was a clever little device, and it modified the
game in real time to let you cheat. If you wanted extra lives or jump extra-high or just go right
to the final boss, Game Genie could do that for you. It essentially gave you superpowers in the
game that you were playing. Now, these were all one or two-player games back then. There was no
online play, so cheating in a one-player game isn’t really ruining the game for anyone else.
Codemasters didn’t call this a cheat device, though. They called it a video game enhancer.
They developed this in the UK and licensed it in the US to a company called Galoob,
which was a major toy-maker back then, and they started selling them in regular toy stores.
You could buy a Game Genie in Kmart or Toys“R”Us. I remember my neighbor had one,
and I think his mom bought it from Sears. But little did I know, when I was playing on my
neighbor’s Game Genie, Nintendo was taking Galoob to court over this little device,
saying it was a copyright violation. Nintendo was saying the Game Genie was a derivative work,
and therefore subject to copyright infringement. This means Nintendo is saying that the Game Genie
made minor modifications to the game to make it something new, but not making it unique enough to
be something original, and was profiting from the original creators. Kind of like, if I put
googly eyes on the Mona Lisa and try to sell it as my own original work. Well, it went to court,
and judge ruled in favor of Galoob and the Game Genie. The judge said, look, the definition of a
derivative work means you have to have a separate copy of that original work. Game Genie does not
create a separate copy, but instead adds to the original copy because you still need the
original copy to use it. So, clearly it’s not taking away from the sales of the game.
The judge also went on to say that consumers have the right to fair use and commodify games
however they please for personal use. This was a huge win for game-modders. Now they had
a court case to prove that they had the right to modify their systems and games for personal use.
Now, if we look across the aisle at the PC world, the software-makers there had no problem with you
making personal backups of the software you bought. The thing is, floppy disks and CDs
were notorious for going bad and getting ruined, so it was practiced by everyone. Even my grandma
knew that as soon as you buy a new game for your PC, the first thing you do always is make a copy
of it as a backup. Everyone was cool with this. PC-makers didn’t care. Game-makers didn’t care.
They were fine with it because it was protected under the Copyright Act. Section 117 says,
if you buy software, you have the legal right to make a personal copy of that software. In fact,
it’s even essential if you want to do proper archiving of your digital files. So,
with early computer games and software, there was no anti-copying methods in place to detect
or stop copied games from being played on the computer. That brings us to the Dreamcast.
[MUSIC] In 1999, Sega launched the game console called the Dreamcast, and this was a
really cool little system. One thing about these console-makers is the console itself is a loss
leader. That is, Sega was pricing the Dreamcast at below the cost it took to make the system,
but that was okay because they’d know they’d make the money back on the games they sold. So,
Sega was very aggressive at making sure that you could only play the games that were approved for
the Dreamcast and not any copied versions or anything. In my opinion, this may go against
Section 117 of the Copyright Act, where you’re allowed to make copies of the games you have for
archival reasons. The Dreamcast used something called GD-ROMs, which basically means a gigabyte
CD, and most people don’t have a drive on their computer that could read these kind of disks. But
even if you did get those drives and tried to make a copy of it, there were two problems with it.
One is it was protected and you couldn’t copy it, and two, the Dreamcast had a system in place that
even if you did copy the disk, it wouldn’t let you play the copy. It’d only let you play originals.
Sega did not care if this violated your right to make backups of the game you own. In fact,
if you put it in your computer and tried to play it, all you’d hear is this message…
SEGA: Warning; this disk is for use only on Sega Dreamcast.
JACK: Anyway, long story short, this was a challenge for some to figure out a way
around this whole system, and someone did figure it out. They found a way to bypass the
anti-copy protections on the Dreamcast, and essentially what happened is that you could
go online to a pirate website, download any games you wanted, burn it to a regular CD, and put it
in the Dreamcast without having to modify the Dreamcast at all. This was really remarkable
because there was no hardware modifications needed. [MUSIC] The way the CDs were written
is that they would trick the Dreamcast that it was a playable disk by a clever use of reversing
the randomization method on the Dreamcast. This opened the door up to pirating Dreamcast games.
I remember when this happened, too. My friend told me, dude, you can download any pirated games you
want for the Dreamcast now and just write them to a regular CD and they’ll play. I was like, no way,
man, those games are like, on GD-ROMs. They’re not CDs. This will never work.
But he demonstrated it to me, and I was blown away. Well, this didn’t last long. Soon after the
pirating community announced that you could pirate games on the Dreamcast, Sega announced that they
were discontinuing the Dreamcast and were leaving the video game console business altogether. This
was only a few months after launching it. So, yeah, some say piracy wrecked the Dreamcast.
But did it really? Two months after the Dreamcast was released, the PlayStation 2
came out, [MUSIC] which blew away the Dreamcast in every way performance-wise. The killer feature on
the PS2 is that it would play DVDs, which at the time was fairly rare for people to have in their
home. So, why buy a DVD player when you could just buy a PS2 which has a DVD-player built into it?
People were buying it for that feature alone. So, in my opinion, the thing that killed the Dreamcast
wasn’t piracy but the fact that two months after its release, the PlayStation 2 destroyed them in
sales. So, that brings us to the PlayStation 2 world. Remember the Messiah chip back then?
GARY: Yeah, I remember the Messiah chip and everything.
JACK: Did you get one?
GARY: No.
JACK: What about the Enigma?
GARY: The Enigma?
I think I had an Enigma at one time. It was a lot of wires to solder into the Xbox.
JACK: Yeah, tell me your experience with either of these chips.
GARY: Messiah was for the PlayStation system. It was one of the first chips
that allowed a DVD to boot on the PlayStation 2.
JACK: So, the Messiah was a mod chip that you could solder onto a PlayStation 2, and it was
created by Paul Owen. I believe it bypassed the anti-copy protections and let you play
copied games, and then when the Xbox came out, Paul also made a mod chip for it called Enigma.
GARY: They came out with a bios that added new features; it allowed you to put in bigger hard
drives, unlock the system. I hated the way you had to modify the system with the wires
and everything. My solution at the time — I would actually just take the flash chip off
and just reprogram it and solder it back on. Since I was in business before manufacturing hardware,
I had the programming equipment and the soldering tools. So, for me,
it was quicker just to de-solder the flash chip, reprogram it on my PC, and then solder it back
in. I could do that whole operation within less than five minutes, which was a lot
quicker than actually opening — sitting there and soldering a bunch of wires in.
JACK: Did you ever sell that as a service? Like, hey, I’ll mod up your Xbox for you?
GARY: I did for a while during the — 2004 to about 2008.
I did do some modifying of consoles for people as a service.
JACK: Did anybody ever get mad at you for that, video game makers or anything? Like,
hey, cease and desist that you’re modding our stuff; we don’t want you to?
GARY: No, they didn’t.
JACK: Do you think they cared?
GARY: I think so. They were actively moderating the forums even back then,
and watching the information.
JACK: Yeah, the game-makers were absolutely watching the video game modding forums, and
they wanted to know what cheats and mods were out there for their systems and games. When Paul Owen
made these two chips, that’s when Sony came in and threatened him with legal action. This forced Paul
to stop importing Messiah chips for the PS2, but it didn’t stop people from buying them directly
from Taiwan, and it didn’t stop Paul Owen from making more chips for the Xbox. In my opinion,
it’s really cool that someone is able to make a microchip to enhance the gaming system,
because I hate it when these things are so proprietary and secret and locked down that
you can’t even repair the game system if it breaks. In fact, I don’t even want to
call these things mod chips. They’re just accessories for your gaming system. Like,
the other day, I wanted to put an M2 hard drive in my computer,
but my motherboard didn’t have a slot for it, so I had to go buy a PCIE card that enabled
me to use the M2 drives. This is not against any rules. This is a perfectly fine accessory
to buy for your computer. The Xbox is a little computer, and it didn’t let you add a hard drive.
So, it was Paul Owen’s release of the Enigma chip that allowed you to add an extra hard
drive. Can you imagine if your PC was so locked down that you could not add a second hard drive
if you wanted? Not even an external USB one? Paul made another mod for the Xbox,
this time calling it the Xecuter. He liked that name so much that he started calling his little
group Team Xecuter, which is an important part of this story. It’s the title of the episode,
right? So, even though he was threatened with legal action to stop producing the PS2 mod chips,
it didn’t stop him from making new Xbox mod chips and publishing them under the name Team Xecuter.
Now, the courts didn’t think all this modding was cool like I do. In 1998,
the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA, was established, creating a whole new set of rules
for copyright infringement in the digital age. Specifically, there were clauses that talked
about circumvention. The DMCA criminalized the act of circumventing access controls,
which is what video game makers were pointing out when trying to take down these mod chip makers.
They were saying, look, you’re going through great lengths to circumvent our anti-piracy controls.
That’s a DMCA violation. Video game makers were taking their cases to court and winning them.
GARY: The video game companies, they wanted to protect the quality of the system, and
that’s where — Nintendo actually started that and would put labels on their boxes that they sold,
being quality assured, certified. Because what killed the systems in the eighties was
one of this — a shovelware that was just too much stuff. The Atari 2600,
the Timex/Sinclair, even the Texas Instrument home computer, there was tons of stuff being developed,
and a lot of it wasn’t worth the $89, the $69.
JACK: I don’t buy that because I’m a PC gamer myself, and there’s pretty much an infinite amount
of games out there for me to play, and yeah, while I’ve bought some duds, I never get mad at
Microsoft for making a PC with bad games. I don’t even blame Amazon when I buy something from there
and it breaks right away. I just learn that I’ve got to do my research more before buying stuff.
Hasn’t anyone in the video game industry heard of the term ‘caveat emptor’, or buyer beware? The
buyer knows they’re taking a risk when buying something. It’s okay. Did you do much piracy
at the time? Were you downloading wares? What was your experience with wares in the nineties?
GARY: In the nineties, I didn’t do too much piracy,
actually. I bought almost all the games that came out that I was interested in.
The only piracy I did a little bit was actually on the computer side.
JACK: By the 2000s, with the DMCA starting to show itself more and more in courts,
PC game-makers started adding their own anti-copy protections. This attempted to make it impossible
for users to make copies of the software they bought. I remember when this started
happening at the time. The sentiment was, we no longer own these games; we’re just renting them,
because it’s only a matter of time before this disk stops working or it locks you out somehow
and you just have to buy a new one. I get it; there’s money lost due to piracy, sure,
but I think all these anti-copying measures hurt the regular consumer and stifles technological
growth. What do you mean I can’t add anything to my computer that I bought and own? It’s mine. I
should be able to modify it any way I like. But the truth it, the major driver for most
of these mods was to enable piracy, to let you download games off the internet for free and play
them on your console. Video game makers thought this was drastically hurting their revenue, and
that’s why they went to war in this way. I just wonder if there were better ways to deal with it.
I mean, listen to this talk by Tony Chen, the head of security for Xbox.
TONY: When I first joined Xbox, a lot of people throughout Microsoft — I have to explain to them
why the problem we’re facing is fundamentally different than the problem that Windows needs
to solve for its security. So, on a Windows PC system, the PC owner is the good guy.
He’s working with us to prevent his PC from being attacked.
The bad guys are the guys out on the internet trying to compromise his PC. So, Microsoft,
as a operating system vendor, is working with the PC owner to fight the bad guys out on the
internet. Okay, on the Xbox, the owner is the attacker, although the majority of our
customers are good, but you have to treat them as the attacker in terms of designing your hardware.
JACK: Do you hear it the way I hear it? Video game system owners are the bad guys?
It just sounds weird to me. Like, that’s just being too aggressive towards your customers.
I understand what your reasoning is here because they’re gonna pirate everything,
but is there any research on if you don’t do anything to stop the pirates what percent of
people will pirate? I bet the vast majority of people who can afford it will buy it. I
bet you’ll see breakout hits due to piracy. I bet you’ll see people pirate stuff and then
buy the full version later because they like the game so much and want to support the game-makers,
and I bet you’ll see a much bigger impact with your game worldwide if it’s available for anyone
to play on any budget. Look at the Humble Bundle, for instance. This is a website that sells video
games, and the whole idea here is that you can pay whatever you want for the games. They’re
put together like a bundle of ten video games, and then you pick the price of what you want to
pay for the bundle. I love this model because if you’re poor, you can get great games for pennies,
and on top of that, they’re giving a percentage of the revenue to charity. It’s a great way to meet
your players where they are and be cool with whatever they can afford. Or, here’s another
thing; I have a merch shop, right, where you can buy shirts and stuff on my online store.
Yeah, well, with that comes a certain amount of scammers, people who buy my stuff and then try to
get a refund on it, but then send back the wrong shirt or nothing at all, and it sucks, right? It
sounds like my shoppers are not to be trusted and they’re crooks and they’re scammers. Yeah,
well, no, I absolutely do not think my customers are crooks and scammers. I think my customers are
fantastic and should be respected, and even though there are some bad apples involved,
I go out of my way to treat everyone with respect. I’ll work to make you
100% satisfied with your order, even if you’re a scammer. I don’t care. If something isn’t right,
I’ll send you a new item or give you a refund, and that’s because I personally am more loyal
to companies that treat me with respect, and I don’t like going into shops that treat me
like some crook or some scammer when I’m not. I remember I visited Austria once, in Europe,
and someone there told me that when you get on the train in Austria, they never check your ticket,
and it’s because Austrians get personally offended if you question whether they paid for their ticket
or not. Ticket, please! How dare you think I don’t have a ticket. What, do you think
I’m some kind of thief and snuck on this train? What’s the reason of this line of questioning?
So, they just stopped asking people for proof that they paid their way. You know what? I took the
train there and nobody asked for my ticket. There wasn’t even a turnstile. It was such a culture
shock to me, but I actually loved that level of trust and respect that the trains gave their
passengers. The good people are gonna pay their way, and the majority of people are good. Yeah,
sure, some will sneak on the train, but we’re not gonna inconvenience all those good people just so
we can find the few bad ones. We’d rather have happy, good customers than making a little extra
money by enforcing a pay-to-ride policy. Would it even generate more money to check everyone’s
tickets? Now you have to have a ticket-taker on every train all day and night and pay their
salary. My point is if you distrust your loyal customers, it’ll create a bad relationship between
you and them. Anyway, back on track. I feel like this episode is getting me all worked up
and it’s causing me to go all over the place. I’m sorry if I’m ranting too much. Okay, so,
our players in this story so far are Paul Owen, the guy who made Team Xecuter and was selling
mod chips, and there’s Gary Bowser, who’s very front-and-center of this whole mod chip scene.
In fact, he’s so present on the forums that he’s starting to make a name for himself on there.
GARY: I was more popular — originally on Xboxhacker BBS, I was a very popular poster
on there. I started then posting on Xbox-Scene, posting news for the administrators on there,
and then on another site for the PlayStation — it was called PSX-Scene — I was a very popular
poster on there, and I started working with the administrator at that site.
I was there when geohot — if you remember George Hotz, he found the original — what
they called a root key for the PlayStation 3. He posted it publicly on PSX-Scene, and that
caused that site to just take off, skyrocket, go from 100,000 users per day to a million
users per day. There was lawsuits involved. By the time that happened, I was actually hosting
that website for the administrator, and then Sony cracked down hard. They went after geohot;
there was court orders. I started posting all of what was happening in the court case. There was
actually, at one time, a movie deal being worked. People thought that George Holt would fight Sony,
go all the way, and unfortunately, he decided to settle and that was the end of it.
JACK: Gary Bowser was so active on these forums that he started getting approached
by people to actually be paid to be a forum admin. The first place that offered him a job,
he didn’t like that one, but then a guy with the screen name MAXiMiLiEN approached
him and offered him a paying job to be a forum admin. How did you meet MAXiMiLiEN?
GARY: Well, I never met him in person.
JACK: Not ever, ever?
GARY: No, never seen him in person. I know what he looks like from his
Instagram and Facebook posts and I know what his voice sounds like from
phone calls that I had with him, but I’ve never actually met him in person.
JACK: Alright.
GARY: But I was introduced to him — well, the original owners of PSX-Scene, they knew him,
so they introduced me to him and we had some phone calls, and then he said,
look, I need someone to run the site. You can do whatever you want with the site as long as you’re
available to post news when I give you information about new products that they’re gonna release.
JACK: The site was maxconsole.com, and MAXiMiLiEN had just purchased it from another person. It was
a fairly popular forum at the time talking about how to hack video game consoles, where to buy
mod chips, and just news about the modding and video game world. But it didn’t trade any piracy
or have links to any pirated games. You know, MAXiMiLiEN is the main character of this story,
so let’s back up and learn more about him. [MUSIC] He’s from France. In the 1990s, MAXiMiLiEN was in
the Warez scene, which is piracy. A Warez group is one that rips games off the disk, cracks it
free from any anti-piracy methods that were on it, and makes it available for anyone to download and
play for free. MAXiMiLiEN led the Warez group Paradox in the nineties, and if you played the
pirated game Spyro back then, chances are it was MAXiMiLiEN’s group that supplied it to you.
In 1994, MAXiMiLiEN had an innie in the telephone company. An innie is someone who works inside the
company who would be part of the scam. This innie was sending him thousands of free calling cards,
and I don’t know how, but MAXiMiLiEN took these stolen calling cards and racked up a
$22 million phone bill with them. MAXiMiLiEN was arrested for this and he pled guilty and
was sentenced to almost six years in jail. He was sent to prison in Virginia, and I think
this is a good time for an ad break while we wait for him to get out of prison, but stay
with us because that’s just MAXiMiLiEN’s origin story. What he does next is even more crazy.
So, MAXiMiLiEN served six years in prison for stealing calling cards, but when he got out
of prison, it seemed like he went back to the pirate scene. He bought the website Divineo.
Do you remember a site called Divineo at the time?
GARY: Yeah, that was one of the first resellers out there that were selling
devices from Team Xecuter and other companies and third-party controllers
and stuff. I actually used them myself to buy some mod chips back in the day.
JACK: So, what MAXiMiLiEN saw was that Team Xecuter had been making and selling these mod
chips by the tens of thousands, and there was a whole system in place. The chips were created
in Asia somewhere and then shipped in bulk to the US, and then sold through the Divineo
site. Max thought this looked like a good business and got in touch with Paul Owen,
the owner of Team Xecuter, and Max offered to buy Team Xecuter from Paul. The Team Xecuter branding,
the website, the supply chain, everything was sold to MAXiMiLiEN. Now that he had this little
mod chip business, MAXiMiLiEN needed a solid way of getting the word out on his new products. So,
that’s when he decided to buy maxconsole.com, a popular modding forum. His idea was that he could
use this place to just basically have unlimited marketing for all the things that Team Xecuter was
releasing, and he just needed someone to help run the site, and that’s when he asked Gary.
GARY: Yeah, the original idea was I could do whatever I want with the site, keep 100%
of the ad revenue, but he wanted a couple spots on the site just for his products. So,
the top banner spot would be for his products, and whenever he had a press release made for a
new product, I had to be available on-call, post it right away. That way, that site would have the
news first and then everybody else would have to link to that site because of the exclusive news.
JACK: Well, Nintendo was all over these forums and seeing when new mod chips were announced,
and didn’t like this one bit. They started doing their own research. They found that Divineo had
been getting their chips from Hong Kong, so Nintendo went to Hong Kong and opened up a
court case against Divineo, [MUSIC] claiming it’s an infringement on their intellectual property.
The Hong Kong Supreme Court ruled in favor of Nintendo, which immediately froze all of Divineo’s
operations in Hong Kong, and the ruling demanded that Max pay Nintendo €44 million in damage.
€44 million; that’s a huge fine. But I believe MAXiMiLiEN just found a different country to
get his chips from and kept on doing business without paying any of the fines put on him.
So, Nintendo went to his home country, France, to take legal action on him there. They took him
to court and they told the courts, look, we already found this guy guilty in Hong Kong.
He’s supposed to be paying us €44 million in damages. He hasn’t paid a cent of it yet
and he keeps violating our intellectual property. Can you please do something?
But the French courts ruled in favor of MAXiMiLiEN. Max’s defense was that Nintendo
was locking out developers from being able to develop on the system, and his mod chip allowed
anyone to develop on it and play home-brew games on it. The courts liked that. They said, yeah,
Nintendo, what’s up with you putting all these locks on your game system to people
can’t build on it? Seems rude. Leave Max alone. So, Nintendo took a bad blow there. I think they
tried to appeal that case, but I couldn’t find any articles that followed up with it.
GARY: There was this craze of bringing back the older systems, the Super Nintendo, the Nintendo,
the PlayStation, the Sega, many versions of those original consoles that people loved,
but those systems were locked down again, and that they only had a
certain selection again. The PlayStation 1 Mini only had like, twenty games on it.
JACK: Yeah, so, Sony came out with this little PlayStation Mini. It had no option to put any
game in it of any kind. It had no game disk reader or a cartridge reader, and it wasn’t online so
you could download anything more. It only came with these twenty games that were built into it,
and that was it. You could never play anything more, which is kind of weird,
isn’t it? If you release a mini version of your system that clearly can play PS1 games,
why restrict it to just those twenty games? So, of course, the gaming community was like,
we need to figure out a way to get this thing to play any PS1 game we want.
GARY: The PlayStation 1 actually used an open source emulator and just added their own little
skin to it to select the games. So, they were just taking someone else’s work that they had made,
an emulator that they could find on GitHub, assemble it themselves, add their own skin,
and use an Android board from China, without the battery or the screen to run the emulator.
JACK: Okay, I had to look this up and research it deeper because this is gonna become important
later. The mini PlayStation used the PCSX emulator, which, yes, is open source,
and it’s also under the new public license, the GPL. Now, even though the PCSX emulator
is free and open source, Sony took it and put it on the PS1 Mini and charged for it.
But the GPL clearly states that’s okay; you can put this software on some commercial product and
charge for it. There’s a few things that are interesting about that. The spirit of free and
open source software that’s licensed under the GPL is that you shouldn’t charge for this. It’s free.
It’s developed by a community of volunteers, and here Sony is lifting it off GitHub and slapping it
on their little console. But there’s nothing wrong with that according to the letter of the license.
It just contradicts the spirit of the GPL license, and it’s so strange to me that a
video game console maker such as Sony would use an open source emulator on their latest console.
Well, the modding community did manage to get into this little PS1 Mini,
and they loaded up their own emulator on it which unlocked the system to be able
to play any and all PS1 games on it, not just the twenty that came with it. [MUSIC]
Now, when MAXiMiLiEN saw how the community was able to bypass this whole thing,
he started manufacturing a little USB drive that you could plug into the PlayStation.
It would bypass the protections on it and allow you to play any pirated games you had. In fact,
it came with a hundred games on it. This was called the True Blue Mini. For Nintendo,
there was one called the Classic 2 Magic. Both of these products were by Team Xecuter,
but they were selling it under a different brand at the time. So,
how much did these — the Classic 2 Magic and the True Blue Mini cost people?
GARY: Well, I think that the prices — there wasn’t — the Classic 2 Magic didn’t have no
games. It was mainly to allow you to plug the original cartridges in. So,
it added the cartridge slot itself. I forget what the price was. Like, $59 or $79 or something.
JACK: So, who was making this stuff? Was it MAXiMiLiEN? Do you think he
had the ability to design circuit boards and come up with these hacks, I suppose?
GARY: No. Max — for me, I was the PR man to get the internet — to get the posts out there
on the internet, to get people to know about it, to find people to review the products,
to get the reviews published. Max is more — was more on the marketing side,
coming up with the ideas. He came up with the names of the products. He came up with
the ideas of the websites and how to market it to the people. He dealt with all the — finding
the resellers to sell it, to get it — all the background stuff, but he was not a techno guy.
He was smart; he knew how technology worked and stuff, but he wasn’t an engineer or anything.
JACK: Did you have any input into how they were made or helped create any of those devices?
GARY: No, no. I didn’t help — any of the newer devices, I had no help in creating them. I knew
some of the developers that were working on it. I would chat with them a little bit. I
would get advanced copies of the product for testing, sometimes do a product review so that
before they started chipping, it was like, this is how it works. But I was mainly to do the PR,
to do the press releases, which I didn’t even write myself. I would be given the
press release pre-written and then I would just add my own words to it and post it.
JACK: Did he collaborate with you on just like, what new product can we come out with? ‘Cause…
GARY: No.
JACK: …you have a very good understand of the whole modding scene, what’s coming out,
what can work, what can’t work, and then you’re seeing, well,
there’s this new exploit that just hit. Max, you might want to make a
mod for this. This, I think, would take off. You know, just a little suggestion like that to Max?
GARY: No, I never had those discussions with him.
I mean, I would post the news on what was happening. He made those decisions on what
he would do business-wise and what he would do next. Sometimes I wouldn’t even know — like,
when he was working on the Switch, I didn’t even know he was working on the Switch. He would just
tease me saying there’s something else coming up, there’s something coming up. Until something was
actually concrete, a lot of times I was out of the loop to. I didn’t even know about it.
JACK: So, surprisingly, while sitting here researching things, I’m currently seeing a
True Blue Mini clone right there on Amazon for $43, and it says it has 15,000 games on it. This
is an illegal product being sold right there on Amazon, and it just makes me think because video
game system makers are actively taking websites to court who sell mod chips. This Amazon listing
has 15,000 games bundled into the mod chip, which means you can buy pirated games on Amazon. Now,
of course, Amazon themselves isn’t selling it. Someone listed it there on the Amazon marketplace,
but still, they’re facilitating the sale of it, fostering the whole deal,
bringing this mod chip and pirated games to the masses. Why isn’t Sony suing Amazon over this
or trying to take down their website? Because in 2005, Sony did get mad at MAXiMiLiEN for
selling these same mods for the PlayStation and they took him to court, and Sony won that case,
which resulted in Max having to pay $5 million in damages. That’s what,
the fourth time he’s been to court now, and he now owes over $50 million in fines
to these game system makers at this point. The guy seemed to be unfazed by any of this, though.
He had a rebellious mindset. While he felt like an enemy to the game-makers,
he felt like a hero to the players of the world. Yeah, a lot of people did really like the stuff
he was releasing. He claims that he just wanted to unlock the game system’s potential
and give users more access and to be able to do more things. My personal opinion about him
though is that he’s just a businessman and he’s business-minded and he just is looking for unique
ways to make some extra money. He understands this whole development cycle and manufacturing
process, the marketing and supply chain very well, and he’s using it all to his advantage. [MUSIC] In
2017, Nintendo released the Switch. Of course, the modder community immediately began breaking
it open and trying to find a way to mod it, and someone discovered that you could glitch
it by taking the right Joy-Con off and bridging the two points with a paperclip, and from here,
you could then get it to boot into recovery mode and have access to diagnostic tools. The modder
community took that and figured out how to get the Switch to boot to their own operating system,
which basically made it so that you could play any pirated game on the Switch.
When MAXiMiLiEN saw what the modder community had done, he jumped on it.
His developer got to work building two physical devices; one that would slide into the Joy-Con
port and trigger the glitch, while the other would go into the USB drive to have the system boot into
a custom firmware. Team Xecuter called this add-on the SX Pro. The idea is that it enabled
you to copy games that you already had or play any pirated games that you had. The design was clean
and super simple. People who had no experience modding systems could easily get this working
and were giving it great reviews. So, they had this thing all developed and manufactured,
and then they wanted to announce it on the forum that Gary was the mod for, and this is where
Gary was obligated to promote this device, since that was the deal that he made with MAXiMiLiEN.
Now, when you’re a mod-maker, you’ve got some potential things that can go wrong with your
whole business. See, sometimes Team Xecuter would sell their products for, let’s say $30, but then
see the exact same product being sold directly out of Asia for $2. It was pirate versus pirate,
because the factory that was making the chips for Team Xecuter would just sometimes make some extra
and sell them directly to the consumer, totally undercutting Team Xecuter. So, Max didn’t want
that happening with SX Pro, so he decided he was going to add his own software into the thing.
So, instead of loading the Switch’s native operating system, the SX Pro would load up SX OS,
which was basically just an open-source emulator. But Max took it a step further. He didn’t want
someone pirating SX OS, so he decided that he was going to require everyone to have a license
key before using the SX OS. So, you had to pay like, $25 just for the license to use this mod,
and this angered quite a few people. First of all, paying a license for pirated software?
That’s unusual. The whole method to do this hack was posted right there on the forums.
You could just use a paperclip and a USB cable and your phone and get the Switch to boot into
the same emulator. You didn’t need the SX Pro at all. But the idea of it, though,
was that it makes this whole process of hacking your Switch easier. You just had to pay for this
easier method. But it still bothered people that they were charging for pirated software. I mean,
the whole point of piracy is to go around having to pay for stuff, you know? On top of that, some
users were getting mad that the emulator in this thing was just a free and open-source emulator. A
lot of people were upset because you’re taking a free and open-source software and charging
for it? But this is ironic because this is the same thing PlayStation did with their PS1 Mini,
remember? The emulator that was on the SX OS was called Atmosphere, which was licensed
under the GPL, the same as what Sony did, and people were mad at them for charging for this.
GARY: Yeah, well, that’s a problem that’s going on with everything, even recently of Red Hat.
JACK: Oh man, I didn’t think about that. But yeah, Red Hat is a version of Linux, and yeah,
they took the free and open-source Linux software and suddenly started charging for
it. There’s been quite a lot of controversy over that. Like, why are you taking other
people’s code and charging for it? You didn’t write that. But Red Hat’s like,
look, it’s free to use by anyone and it’s licensed under the GPL, so, it’s cool. Again, I think this
argument is going back and forth between the letter of the license versus the spirit of the
license. The other thing that people were getting mad about is that some users were reporting that
their Switch would become broken after using the SX Pro. Yeah, they were, because what Max did here
is that he didn’t want someone else trying to understand or steal the software on the SX Pro.
So, if you were detected trying to crack into it or poke or prod at it,
it would send a signal to completely break your Switch,
and I think that’s going too far. Sure, this never happens as a normal user of the SX Pro, but if you
poke and peek into it too much it breaks your system? Yeah, setting your pirated software to
destroy your Switch is just not cool to me at all. [MUSIC] But despite all these complaints,
the SX Pro did very well. A lot were being sold and the reviews were almost always positive.
As its popularity grew, SX Pro was making someone else really mad; Nintendo.
They were like, wait, what? You’re charging for a device that lets people play pirated games?
You’re making money from our hard work? We’ve gotta stop this. So, first they patched it. All
Switches made after 2019 were no longer vulnerable to this attack, and then they started trying to
find and stop this whole Team Xecuter operation. So, uberchips.com was another place you could…
GARY: That was one of the resellers in the United States that got sued
by Nintendo for selling the device. They were one of the first resellers
that were gonna be selling the SX Light and the SX Core for the Switch.
JACK: So, at any point do you feel like you were a member of Team Xecuter?
GARY: At the original beginning during the early 2000s, I was just
a user posting on the forums and helping other people out. In the end,
I was just the PR guy posting the news and making sure that the testers
could get information on what was happening with the products over to the developers,
but I was never on the actual development side of doing the actual exploits of the coding.
JACK: I don’t know if I would feel like I’m a member of this at any point,
you know? Just being a member — you would be a member of maxconsole.com and feeling
like you worked for them, but not so much a member of Team Xecuter.
GARY: Not really. I wasn’t — I could just say I was a in-between guy. I was more than a tester
but not a developer. More of just a go-between guy. [CROSSTALK]
JACK: Yeah, but what’s interesting here is that
if we were to put you on the trial here, we like to look for — when we’re prosecuting someone,
if they have the know-how, opportunity, and motive to do all this — and you have all three. You have
the know-how of modding chips, you have the opportunity of doing it ‘cause you’re doing it,
and you have the motive ‘cause you like doing it. So, you seem to be the perfect person to
create this, to improve upon it, to come up with ideas, all these things. You’d be such a
great value asset to the team. I’m surprised Max didn’t ask you for more stuff to do.
GARY: He never really wanted me to get too involved. He knew I could,
but he wanted me to be arms-length away from it in case something did happen.
He said just stay as a PR guy because that way — freedom of press,
you know. I’m not directly connected. If anything does happen, it won’t hurt you.
JACK: Did you have a moral line where — or even a rule set on Maxconsole where it’s like,
listen, we don’t distribute pirate software here or anything like that?
GARY: Yeah, there was actually a lot of rules. I would not allow links to pirated stuff. I would
take down ads that advertised SD cards full of chips. There was a few times resellers would
try to do that. I would send them a letter and say, hey, you can’t do that. I’m taking
down your ad. There’s no refunds. You can’t — you can advertise a product, but you can’t advertise
games. I would actually take action if I got an actual enforcement letter. When I used to
publish mods for Grand Theft Auto, Rockstar would send me a letter and say, hey, don’t talk about
games — mod patches for GTA, please? I would say, okay, no problem. I took down the post.
When the Activision stuff got hacked and the Skyliners, which were a very popular toy,
Activision contacted me. They sent me a cease and desist. I took down the information.
When the leaks of the Sony SD case came out and I posted about it, Sony would say, hey,
it’s okay, but take down any links to it. I would take down the links.
So, there was some back-and-forth that way, too. There was not supposed to be any links to
any ROMs on the site. There was a couple posts that I missed that were in the Classic 2 Magic
area that had links, again, to this ROMs site, but they weren’t supposed to be on that at all.
JACK: Hm, no pirated games on these forums were allowed. I’m trying to think; so,
Team Xecuter wasn’t actually selling anything on the site. They’d just link to places like
Divineo where you could buy it from. But still, the Team Xecuter stuff mostly enabled your
device to be able to play pirated games and didn’t actually have pirated games on them,
except for one device. Yeah, but the — okay, but the True Blue is stick-full of pirated games.
GARY: Yeah. That is true, but with the True Blue,
those were basically for older systems; the PS1, the Sega Genesis, the Commodore 64.
JACK: So, you had a line in your head of like, oh, hold on a second, is this a discontinued
game or not? Yeah, I guess there’s no other way to get it other than to pirate it, so go ahead.
GARY: I mean, we didn’t sell the devices on the Maxconsole website. We talked about it.
It was up to you to find the devices. I didn’t profit off of it, either, so…
JACK: I guess I should talk about where the characters of the story are at this point. So,
Gary moved from his home town in Ontario, Canada to the Dominican Republic while he
was doing all this, and the ad revenue that he was making from maxconsole.com was enough
to support his lifestyle down there. He was making about $40,000 a year, and this was
his main job and source of revenue for about nine years. MAXiMiLiEN was living in France.
Any idea how much Max was making off of these products that he was selling?
GARY: Not really. I mean, people come up with estimates and stuff. Nintendo themselves came
out with an estimate; they estimated around 500,000 SX OS licenses were sold at the time.
So, you could think of 500,000 times $25 for the license fee, and that’s not on the hardware;
that’s just on pure profit. So, that’s not counting the Gateway 3DS or any edit devices.
JACK: [MUSIC] Then 2020 came along. The pandemic happened, and Gary was in the Dominican Republic.
GARY: What happened to me is on September 27, I was looking forward to waking up that day
because where I was living was in the Dominican Republic,
and we were under a Covid lockdown for the longest time. When Covid hit Dominican Republic,
the president there put the country into basically martial law. You couldn’t be outside your house
after 5:00 at night, you couldn’t leave your neighborhood, there couldn’t be more than
ten people into a grocery store or pharmacy or a bank. Those were the only three things that were
allowed to be open. Everything else was shut. It was total lockdown. In fact, so hard that
where I was living, it was like, I couldn’t even leave my apartment and go into my little office
I had, which was right next door. So, I actually broke a hole through the wall
instead of having to be able to walk outside and walk in so I could actually work at night.
So, I was looking forward to September 27, because that was gonna be the end of the lockdowns.
Airports were gonna reopen, you’ll be able to go outside all day long, the bars will be open again,
the beaches will be open again. It was gonna be the end of the extreme lockdown. So, I was looking
forward to it. But 5:00 in the morning, instead of waking up at 7:00 in the morning and going outside
and enjoying outside, [MUSIC] 5:00 in the morning, I woke up with a shotgun pointed to my head and a
bunch of people in my place. At first I thought I was getting robbed. I didn’t know what was going
on. There was a lot of crime during Covid. All I knew is I’m getting dragged out of my house early
in the morning and there’s a bunch of people in the place looking at all my electronics,
grabbing all the computers. I tried to talk to them to find out what’s happening. They refused
to talk to me in English or Spanish and acted as if I were speaking Russian or German, looking at
each item and — oh, what’s this guy talking…? Even though one girl that I knew lived above
me came downstairs, they even didn’t tell her what’s going on. They were just saying, oh, he’s
being taken to have his papers checked and once his papers get checked, we’ll release him. So,
they took me out of there, brought me to the Interpol office. I sat down on a couch. They still
continued to refuse to talk to me. I was screaming that I wanted to talk to the Canadian government.
After about a day of just sitting on the couch, the next day on the 28th, they drove me to this
cage in the middle of nowheres with a bunch of other patients that they had rounded up, and
threw me in there. I spent like, two or three days in that cage, still not knowing what’s going on.
Luckily, I got a little bit of food from someone else that got food brought to them,
another Haitian, an old guy that took pity on me. He gave me some of his food, shared it with
me. ‘Cause in the Dominican Republic, when you go to jail, you don’t get fed. Your family has
to show up and bring you food. Otherwise you just starve. So, I spent three days like that.
Come October 1, they take me out of the cage and they said, we’re taking you to
see the Canadian government. Finally; about time someone listened to me. But instead,
they drive me to the airport. I start yelling and screaming at the airport again, saying, hey,
where is the Canadian government? Well, they can’t make it. You can find out when you get back home.
They handed me my passport, they handed me 3,000 pesos, they handed me a plane ticket to Toronto,
and they said, once you’re on the plane, you get to Canada, you can figure it out. You have
to leave the country. I said, well, am I under arrest? They said, no, you’re not under arrest.
You’re just being kicked out of the country. Your Visa is expired.
You’re not welcome anymore in the country. I was like, well,
I want to talk to the Canadian government. They said, no, you can talk to them when you land. So,
I got on the plane. It was one of the first airplanes after the Covid lockdowns ended,
so it was just packed with people. There was an unbelievable amount of people on the plane.
It flies and gets to New Jersey, and it has to land in New Jersey,
refuel again, and then it would take back off and go to Toronto.
But after 9/11, any time an airplane lands in America, everybody has to get off,
scan their passport before they can get back on the airplane. Before 9/11 you would just
sit in the terminal in what they call a transit area. You didn’t actually enter the country.
Of course, the moment I scan my passport in New Jersey, that’s when the indictment showed up
and I got taken to secondary inspection. From there, I was told I was actually
gonna be arrested. They drove me to the Essex County Jail which was a nearby jail. The FBI
drove me there. They said, you’re gonna stay here overnight and then we’re gonna take you
to where your case is. I still don’t know what I’m being arrested for or what — anything about.
October 2nd came. I got read my rights by a judge over the telephone
when I was in county jail, and that’s when I found out I had thirteen different charges
on me with money laundering, wire fraud, and bypassing technology measures and all that.
JACK: They take him to jail. He stays there for five weeks. They take him to another jail;
he stays there for three weeks. He finally sees the judge and they ask him, hey, are you guilty or
not, Gary? He’s like, these charges are crazy. I’m not guilty. Now, at this point, the prosecuters
have to gather more evidence on him. Gary’s name on Max Console Forum was simply GaryOPA,
and that name was easily linked to his company that sold Texas Instrument Parts in 1984. So, it
was very easy to figure out who Gary was. He made no attempt at hiding what his real name was. So,
when Nintendo wanted to come after Team Xecuter for the SX Pro stuff, they came right after Gary.
But he wasn’t the only one caught up in this. Let me read the title to you of the FBI press release.
Two members of notorious video game piracy group, Team Xecuter, are in custody.
The other that was arrested was MAXiMiLiEN.
He was arrested while on vacation in Tanzania, but he somehow convinced the police there that
his arrest was illegal, and guess what? The Tanzanian police agreed and they let him go.
Quickly, he called a friend who had a plane in South Africa, and they flew the plane to him, and
he hopped on it and flew back to France. While on the plane, he posted a picture on Instagram saying
that he’s flying alone on a ten-person private jet. But when you have to go, you have to go.
Apparently he’s untouchable in France by US authorities. The FBI cannot seem to get him
arrested or extradited there, but they were able to freeze some of his bank accounts and
cryptocurrency accounts that were within the FBI’s reach. There was a third person listed
on this indictment, too, a Chinese guy named Chen. My guess is that he was overseeing the
production of the chips in China, but since he’s in China, he’s unreachable by the FBI,
so he was never detained or arrested. Six months go by for Gary, sitting in a prison in Seattle.
GARY: Then come April, I get more paperwork. I ended up getting sued
civically by Nintendo on an actual lawsuit. By then, I actually had lawyers working for me.
So, then we had them worry about the civic lawsuit and the criminal lawsuit,
a criminal charge and a civic lawsuit. So, they had the two going back and forth.
JACK: Nintendo was trying to sue Gary for intellectual property infringement
and wanted him to pay them $10 million in damages.
GARY: How that — comes up with that figure is — going back to Nintendo, their experts testified
that they estimated around 500,000 licenses were sold, and their experts testified that
their studies show that when a system is hacked, that people buy 2.41 less games.
So, there’s, let’s say the top ten games; Zelda, Mario Kart, Super Mario,
stuff like that. Well, those top ten games — 2.41 less sales. So, when a system is hacked,
someone will buy maybe only seven games or eight games, not the full ten games.
So, they take the 500,000 times the 2.41 times the value of the game, $59.99; comes to around
$72 million. There is then three people on the indictment; me, the guy in China, and Max,
so my share of it, being approximately one-third — let’s just round it off to $10 million, which is
usually the max that you can get in Washington state, anyway, for a civic lawsuit.
JACK: Did you try to fight that and say, actually,
I think that’s disproportional of what I was actually involved with?
GARY: Yes, I looked at it, about fighting it; I discussed that with my lawyer. It’s like, well,
let’s fight their studies. Let’s fight their estimates. Basically, the reply back would be,
well, we’re only giving you a bare minimum of 500,000. There’s probably more licenses sold,
and we’re just talking about the Switch. We’re not talking about the Gateway 3DS. We’re not talking
about the Classic 2 Magic. We’re not talking about all the other devices. We’re just talking
about one thing that got done. Now, you want to fight that? Then we’ll add in the millions
of Gateway 3DS devices were sold. We’ll add in all the Classic 2 Magic devices were sold. That figure
will then multiply into, well, it could have been into $100 million, $200 million, maybe more.
JACK: So, with that information, you said, okay, fine.
GARY: Yeah. Yeah, fine; we’ll just cap it at $10 million. Forget about it.
JACK: [MUSIC]
So, Gary owes Nintendo ten million bucks. He’s in his fifties now,
and his only job he’s ever had for the last twelve years is gone. So, it’s just impossible
to pay this back. He’d have to make over $500,000 a year for the rest of his life to pay this off.
GARY: Once that was settled, the key was to settle the civic one first, and then it was
a lot easier to work on the criminal side. By then, the FBI was — they knew they couldn’t
get their co-defendants into the country. Other victims were not coming forward. PlayStation,
Sony didn’t care about the True Blues. Sega, of course, didn’t care about the True Blues.
There was only Nintendo left as a victim, and ESA, also representing some of the other
smaller software developers that may have got affected, they were the only two victims left.
JACK: This is interesting. So, the FBI went to the — to Sony and said,
hey, we caught the guy who was selling pirated video games. You want to be part
of this lawsuit? They said, no, we don’t want anything to do with it. That’s really crazy.
GARY: But they weren’t interested. The PS1 was a failure on their part,
anyway. It was being sold for $19.99. It was a disaster.
JACK: The PS1 Mini.
GARY: Yeah, the PS1 Mini. So, they were not really interested in flying lawyers down and presenting
evidence. The only people that were interested, in the end, was Nintendo and the ESA. They were the
only two people that showed up in February for sentencing and victim impact statements.
JACK: Okay. So, the DMCA laws were on your plate.
GARY: Yeah, that was the only thing I couldn’t get rid of. If I hadn’t collected any money at all,
I might have been able to get away with that. But it still was
the hard part of getting around it. Nothing I could do about it. I was — already spent a
couple years in jail by now anyway, so, what can I do? I wasn’t — couldn’t get that time back.
JACK: So you pleaded guilty to those charges?
GARY: Those charges, ‘cause I knew the maximum the judge could give me was five years. The government
went into the sentencing hearing on February with that, saying he needs to get the full max of five
years. But my lawyer fought it back with saying, well, he went through a hard time with Covid.
Because of that, the probation people recommended forty months. My lawyer was trying to go for
twenty months, basically time served, but then the judge turned around and said, well, I can’t
just give him time served because I have to send a message that people that do this crime will face
hard time, and I’m gonna agree with the probation and say forty months.
JACK: On top of the forty months, the judge also demanded that he pay $4.5 million in restitution,
which adding it all up, he’s gotta pay $14.5 million and spend three years in prison for
what he did. I don’t like that the judge said out loud that he wanted to make an example of Gary.
Does that kind of thing really work, to pick one guy you caught and give him a brutal punishment
just because you can’t catch the other people that were doing it? I don’t know. Based on what
I’m hearing here, $10 million is already too much of a punishment for what he did,
and now a judge is saying, no, no, no, that’s not enough; you need to pay an extra $4.5 million more
and go to prison for three years on top of that. Is this sentence fair or is it cruel?
If the judge is saying things like let’s make an example of this guy and gives him
more punishment than he deserves, then isn’t that the definition of unusual punishment?
Now, Gary is not a US citizen. He’s a Canadian, so theoretically, if he’s not living in the US, he
doesn’t have to make payments towards his federal crime. But Nintendo does not want him to slip out
of paying them, so they put into the civil case that one, his wages will be garnished. That is,
anywhere from 10% to 30% of every paycheck he earns goes automatically to Nintendo, and two,
that this is enforceable by law in any country that Nintendo has an office in, which they do
have an office in Canada, and three, he cannot declare bankruptcy to have his civil fine removed
from his debt. While Gary was in prison, he already started making payments towards all this.
GARY: Yeah, that’s correct. When I was in prison, once I got sentenced, I was able to get a job in
prison. I was working in the education department in a library and stuff. It wasn’t paying much. It
was paying $12 to $25 a month, but some of that percentage had to go towards my $4.5 million.
The reason that had to be done no matter what was if I refused to do that while I was in prison,
then the prison could turn around and refuse to give me my good time or my First
Step Act credit. Because it’s a non-violent crime, I qualify for what they call First Step Act,
which was a law that got passed in 2018 or 2019 by Trump. One of the last things he did was that
people in prison that haven’t committed a violent crime or — there was like, sixty-eight different
crimes that didn’t qualify, but I qualified for that ‘cause it wasn’t a violent crime and there
was no actual victim as a person, a human being; just a company. For every month I spent in jail,
I could get between ten to fifteen days off. So, that was able — because of that and my good time,
I was able to get out after thirty months,
getting released in March instead of waiting until July or sometime of — in 2024. I didn’t
have to do the whole forty months. I got thirty — ten months off in total.
JACK: This worked in his favor. He got out early in March 2023, but since he wasn’t a US citizen,
he was detained immediately by ICE and spent two months in an ICE facility before being
flown to Toronto. While that’s where he lived for a long time, he didn’t have a place to go,
but luckily for him he was able to find a friend who could put him up
on his couch until he can get back on his feet. Gary has some health problems now,
so it’s physically hard for him to get on his feet, actually. While in prison he got
interested about being a freight broker and is hoping that he can get trained up on that and get
a job in that. He hopes that someday he’ll also return to the Dominican Republic, too, and he’s
just trying to rebuild his life from scratch. He’s really, really, really, just starting at nothing,
slowly trying to make little progress every day towards having a stable life again.
For MAXiMiLiEN, he’s still out there in the wind, but not particularly on the run. He’s living very
comfortably in France, and he posts pictures to Instagram all the time; where he’s going
on trips to the beach and different French landmarks, and these photos appear like he’s
living a luxurious life. But he does seem to be confined to only stay in France. He knows that the
FBI is looking for him and he’s just waiting for things to cool down. I have a theory about him,
though. It’s just a wild idea, but during his hay day when he was making the most amount of
money through Team Xecuter is when Bitcoin rose the highest, and he did have some cryptocurrency
accounts. In fact, in one article I read, his crypto assets were frozen, but it wasn’t clear
exactly which wallet or what accounts. My theory and opinion is that he probably had some extra
cryptocurrency stored somewhere that didn’t get frozen, and it rose mightily during this time,
and he just cashed out at the right time which is giving him a nice, comfortable life.
But that’s just my theory. He might have other business ventures that he’s working on, too,
but for now he’s just trying to lay low until the heat is off him, and who knows what his next
idea is after this. I doubt he’ll be so brazen though, because if he has to go to prison again,
it’s gonna be very different than when he had to go to prison in the nineties when he was younger.
I’ll keep my eye out for him and see where he ends up in a few years. How is Nintendo doing
on this fine summer’s day, you may ask? Okay, well, I was curious too, and since they’re a
publicly-trading company, they share their profits openly for anyone to see. Their profits for the
last year was $3 billion. $3 billion just in profit. Nintendo seems to be doing fantastic,
but they continue to wage war against their own players all the time. In the last few years,
Nintendo has been trying to put a stop to people playing in Super Smash Bros. Melee tournaments.
First of all, this is a game that’s twenty years old. It was for the GameCube, but people are still
really into it. But Nintendo doesn’t like that players are staging tournaments to play Super
Smash Bros. Melee, and have sent cease and desist letters and even threatened more legal
action unless tournaments get canceled. They think that what they’re doing is protecting their brand,
but it’s one of those situations that’s like, cut off your nose to spite your
face sort of thing. The more they fight with their own players, the worse their brand gets.
One of my favorite childhood memories ever was getting a Nintendo for my birthday and
opening it up and playing it with my friends during my whole birthday party. Decades later,
I still remember which friends were there at that party, what games we played, who was good at it.
Pick any other birthday I had as a kid and I can’t tell you a thing about it, where it was or who was
there, but this one I remember because Nintendo brought so much joy to me as a child that day.
But now that I’m older, I can see now that Nintendo has a lot of growing to do still.
(OUTRO): [OUTRO MUSIC]
A big thank-you to Gary Bowser for coming on the show and sharing this story with us. Gary has set
up a GoFundMe to help him get back on his feet. You could find a link to that and so much more in
the show notes. If you liked this episode, I have two more suggestions you really should listen to;
Episode 92 is called The Pirate Bay, and it’s one of the most popular episodes on this show,
and it may just make you think differently about piracy, and Episode 45 is called Xbox Underground,
another very popular one, and it’s about video game hacking, but the story that is around it
is so crazy that you just won’t believe it’s true. So, go check those episodes out if you
haven’t already. This show is made by me, the swanky tank, Jack Rhysider, editing help this
episode by the fashionable assassin, Tristan Ledger, Proximity Sound recorded this interview
with Gary and did the mixing for this episode. Our theme music is by the mysterious Breakmaster
Cylinder. I played Minecraft for the first time the other day. Want to know what I think about it?
It’s a blockbuster and it’s groundbreaking. This is Darknet Diaries.