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We all enjoy a nice crisp glass
of water when we're feeling

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dehydrated, which makes sense because
our bodies need it most of all.

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So, enjoying it is an evolved behavior.

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However, some people, notably wellness
influencers, have determined that good old

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H2O is actually not a good thing at all.

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Who knew?

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And that what you really need is
their own concoction that's actually

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an entirely different molecule.

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Structured water.

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We're gonna look at that right now.

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On Skeptoid.

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You are listening to Skeptoid.

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I'm Brian Dunning from Skeptoid.com
Deconstructing Structured Water

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This episode was sponsored by John
Sifling, Illuminati Imperator,

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and Skeptoid Board Chair.

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To sponsor your own episode,
come to skeptoid.com/sponsor.

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Welcome to the show that separates fact
from fiction, science from pseudoscience,

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real history from fake history, and
helps us all make better life decisions

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by knowing what's real and what's not.

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Who knew there was a substance
10 times as hydrating as water.

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This is one of the many claims made
by promoters of structured water and

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by their many celebrity endorsers.

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Structured water, they say,
is a version of water that's

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chemically different and better.

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The water molecules are arranged
differently, which brings a vast

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array of benefits to the buyer.

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So if you didn't realize that your
regular water isn't quite water enough,

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well then today's episode is for you.

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We've got a rollicking adventure
through the worlds of celebrity

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endorsements, a version of chemistry
that is well creative, to say the

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least, and the psychology behind
buying water that is better than water.

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It doesn't take very long to search the
internet and find products for sale based

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on the dubious claim of the existence
of water that's better than water.

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The Natural Action Portable Structured
Water Unit, selling for $279 is

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like a little filtering funnel.

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You pour water through.

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Spend a bit more and get the Vitalizer
Plus Vortex Water Revitalizer

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for $899, which looks like a
blender and makes structured water

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right there on your countertop.

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Or spend a lot more and get the Natural
Action Magna Ray, MR 24 whole house

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unit for $2,999, which looks a lot like
the little inline filter you might have

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going to your refrigerator's ice maker.

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If you don't wanna make it yourself,
quite a few companies such as

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Ed Hardy, Defiance, and Mindful
sell bottled water they claim has

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already been structured for you.

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You can even make your
own the lazy man's way.

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Buy glass bottles from Flaska
for $50 to $100 a piece.

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Fill them with tap water and they'll use
vibrational structuring technology to

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energize it in as little as five minutes.

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The basic premise behind structured
water is one of the hallmark red

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flags of pseudoscience, and that's
the raising of an alarm, that there is

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something wrong with the status quo.

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In this case, the status quo
is regular water, whether from

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the tap or from the bottle.

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Regular water is said to be
chaotic or dead, and strictly

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speaking, those are both true.

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Water is certainly not a living organism,
so it could be said to be dead, though

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non-living might be a better word choice.

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It's also chaotic in that it is a liquid
and in any liquid the molecules are

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loose and jumbled and free flowing.

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Liquid has a defined volume,
but no defined shape.

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It can flow into any shape precisely
because its molecules are unstructured.

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But structured water, so the claim
goes, has its molecules arranged

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into a particular ordered pattern.

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This is usually described as a hexagon.

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And just to be absolutely
clear, this is not a real thing.

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Water does not and cannot behave this
way, and we'll talk more about that.

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In some versions of the claim, six regular
water molecules are arranged in a hexagon.

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The six big oxygen atoms are the points of
the hexagon, and each has its two hydrogen

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atoms hanging off it in such a way that
they don't interfere with each other.

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In other versions, they call it H3O2,
instead of plain old H2O, asserting that

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each of the water molecules has both an
extra hydrogen and extra oxygen atom.

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Some also call it coherent water, primary
water, magnetized water, crystal in

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water, hexagonal water, or informed water.

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Often they come up with derogatory
names for real water, such as

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uninformed water or depleted water.

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As you can probably guess, the health
claims made for drinking this very special

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water are endless and almost always too
vague to be falsifiable or testable.

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It's said to enhance your cellular
hydration and energy, to facilitate better

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nutrient absorption and detoxification,
to provide anti-inflammatory and immune

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system benefits, to confer improved
digestion, skin health and weight loss,

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and my favorite that it "resonates
with the energetic vibrations of

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your body to amplify your life force"

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Claims of hexagonal water
structure are are not new.

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16 years ago, I talked about them here
on Skeptoid number 139 when people

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selling equally pseudoscientific
alkaline water machines claimed

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that water came in hexagons also.

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But since then, it found a new booster
in science and has flourished anew.

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In 2013, Dr. Gerald Pollack, a professor
of bioengineering at the University of

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Washington, published a mass market book
called The Fourth Phase of Water, which

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discussed his legitimate and significant
2003 finding that water pushes away

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objects such as plastic microspheres from
the region close to a hydrophilic surface.

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He has postulated several speculative
mechanisms to explain this.

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Including what he discussed in his
book, the conjecture that this so-called

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exclusion zone water or "EZ" water
has the extra atoms in each molecule.

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This fanciful claim by a real
scientist was all the scam artists

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needed to guild their old alkaline
water machines and rebrand them as

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structured or EZ water machines.

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And now celebrities such as Kourtney
Kardashian and countless wellness

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influencers who lack the science literacy
to know any better, promote these

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devices as miracle health machines.

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There are several ways in which real water
molecules can and do form into clusters.

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Liquid water has thermal energy that
manifests as molecular motion as

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these molecules move and collide.

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Hydrogen bonds are constantly
forming and breaking on femtosecond

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to picosecond timescales.

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Water molecules also arrange into
transient tetrahedral networks,

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rings, and chain like structures that
persist for similarly brief periods.

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Under unusual conditions, water molecules
can exhibit different behaviors such

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as when confined to nanoscale spaces
or in the presence of hydrophilic

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surfaces as Pollock discovered with
exclusion zones, researchers have

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used lasers and other methods to
temporarily alter water's structure.

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But it invariably recovers within
Picoseconds due to rapid thermal motion.

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In short, while water molecules
are constantly forming dynamic

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associations and structures, all
of these arrangements are extremely

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fleeting, lasting at most picoseconds,
rather than the permanent structures

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claimed by structured water proponents.

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But that's only one reason
the so-called structured H3O2

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water doesn't actually exist.

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That molecule is certainly
possible and it's real.

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It appears in some metal complexes where
it connects metal atoms, but in normal

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aqueous conditions, it is extremely
unstable and would rapidly decompose

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into more stable compounds like H2O2
and H2O (hydrogen peroxide and water).

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Hydrogen peroxide is extremely toxic.

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If you somehow drank something
which then decomposed into hydrogen

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peroxide, you would be in for
a very painful and fast death.

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Nobody has yet died from drinking
the product of their structured water

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machine, at least not that we know
of, so we can be pretty sure that H3O2

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is not coming out of these devices.

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But let us take the responsible path
and not dismiss structured water

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machines based on their claims alone,
but rather upon the test results.

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So let's go to PubMed and search
for trials of having people drink

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structured water to treat some
health condition, or even for

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general wellness and see the effects.

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Hmm, I only found one.

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And it's for animals.

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Structured water effects on animals.

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Published in the Journal
of Animal Science in 2021.

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It's a review of 20 years of studies that
exposed water to magnetic fields and then

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had laboratory and farm animals drink it.

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From the paper's conclusion (perhaps
the vaguest I've ever seen):

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"A magnetic field strength of 1000 to
3000 G is required to generate water

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capable of exerting beneficial effects.

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While waters treated with field
strengths greater than 5,000 G

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may result in detrimental effects.

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The animal research conducted to date
consistently demonstrated beneficial

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effects of structured water consumption.

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Additional research is needed to
demonstrate how these effects occur and if

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these types of structured waters are safe
to consume and use over the long term."

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The paper was written by a Michael
I. Lindinger, who does business

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as the Nutraceutical Alliance,
Inc. In his acknowledgements, he

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states that it was "...part of a
larger paid research contract... by

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Defiance Brands, Inc." Who are they?

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00:11:02,589 --> 00:11:04,869
Recall back to the top of
the show when we listed some

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products currently on the market?

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Defiance is one of the companies
selling bottled structured water.

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Big surprise.

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But no papers about anyone
testing it on humans?

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The reason is probably very simple.

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None of the claims made are specific
enough to be testable, and if

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they were, the tests would fail.

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As there is no such thing as
structured water, you'd be testing

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water against water as a treatment
for something as vague and meaningless

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as enhanced cellular energy.

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What person with a scientific
reputation they care about is gonna

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submit that paper for peer review.

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They'd never hear the end of it.

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We're nearly at the point where we've
run out of things to say about the

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claims of structured water, but there
are still two points worth covering.

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First, let's look at some more
of the red flags of pseudoscience

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this product throws down.

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The appeal to nature fallacy.

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If it's natural, it must be safe
and healthy and good for you.

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A number of these products use terms
like "pristine mountain spring water".

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The number of wellness benefits found on
all these companies' websites collectively

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probably rivals the Bible in length, and
as we've seen a hundred times before here

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on Skeptoid, products claiming to treat
everything, probably really treat nothing.

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The use of personal testimonials,
including influencer and

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00:12:29,484 --> 00:12:32,994
celebrity testimonials instead
of presenting evidence.

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There is no theory supporting a
mechanism for structured water to

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be beneficial to the body in as much
as nothing meeting any consistent

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definition of structured water exists.

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Pollack's book was a published mass market
book, not a scientific journal article.

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00:12:50,979 --> 00:12:54,969
This means it had no obligation for
peer review or to factual accuracy.

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It simply had to be popular.

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Lots of crazy sciencey sounding jargon.

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Meaningless to the scientist, but
impressive to the lay person who

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also happens to be the customer.

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00:13:08,394 --> 00:13:11,934
These products nearly all have
paid social media influencers

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00:13:12,114 --> 00:13:14,094
and affiliate marketing programs.

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00:13:14,664 --> 00:13:17,124
You know, like real sciences don't.

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00:13:19,104 --> 00:13:20,874
But we could go on like this all day.

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00:13:21,234 --> 00:13:25,314
Let's move on to our second final point,
which is the psychology behind a person

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00:13:25,584 --> 00:13:27,654
who wants to buy a product like this.

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00:13:28,524 --> 00:13:32,514
Understand that psychology and
learning what levers to pull are

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00:13:32,514 --> 00:13:36,984
critical components to successfully
marketing and selling pseudoscientific

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00:13:36,984 --> 00:13:39,024
products like structured water.

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00:13:41,484 --> 00:13:42,894
The value of community.

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People love to belong to a
community of like-minded people.

200
00:13:46,464 --> 00:13:50,934
Marketers love community echo chambers
where everyone thinks the same way

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00:13:51,264 --> 00:13:53,424
and believes whatever their peers say.

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00:13:56,124 --> 00:14:00,294
Distrust of conventional medicine and
science are always gonna be popular,

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00:14:00,564 --> 00:14:05,184
and people love the feeling of having
special insight into the suppressed truth.

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00:14:05,814 --> 00:14:09,534
Embrace of products like this that
contradict established science

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00:14:09,804 --> 00:14:13,734
is psychologically fulfilling and
confers a nice little dopamine hit.

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00:14:16,134 --> 00:14:20,184
Confirmation bias thrives in
wellness communities as it

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00:14:20,184 --> 00:14:21,349
does in nearly every community.

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00:14:24,234 --> 00:14:28,644
The feeling of buying a premium
product such as paying nearly $3,000

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00:14:28,704 --> 00:14:33,354
for a water filter indistinguishable
from a $10 one on Amazon confers

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00:14:33,354 --> 00:14:35,484
a sense of power and superiority.

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00:14:37,944 --> 00:14:41,784
Even without the power and
superiority many people genuinely

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00:14:41,784 --> 00:14:46,194
accept that something more expensive
must necessarily be better.

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00:14:49,059 --> 00:14:52,839
Making any lifestyle change
induces the placebo effect.

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00:14:53,289 --> 00:14:54,549
I've done something.

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00:14:54,699 --> 00:14:59,169
I've added this device to my drinking
water therefore, I expect to feel better.

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00:15:01,869 --> 00:15:05,589
Confusion of correlation with
causation will be a feature of wellness

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00:15:05,589 --> 00:15:07,509
products until time immemorial.

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00:15:07,899 --> 00:15:11,739
Anytime these customers feel
energetic or happy, they're likely

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00:15:11,739 --> 00:15:13,329
to credit the structured water.

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00:15:13,824 --> 00:15:17,634
And regression to the mean is
what happens when any injury

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00:15:17,634 --> 00:15:19,494
or illness heals naturally.

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00:15:19,974 --> 00:15:23,484
And yet our fallible human
brains prefer to give credit to

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00:15:23,694 --> 00:15:25,194
some recent lifestyle change.

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00:15:27,909 --> 00:15:33,069
In fairness, nearly any intelligent adult
human is susceptible to most or all of

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00:15:33,069 --> 00:15:37,839
these frailties, and when we consider that
the average adult knows or cares nothing

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00:15:37,839 --> 00:15:43,059
at all about molecular chemistry and knows
nothing about the reasons to research

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00:15:43,089 --> 00:15:48,549
sources or even understands the need to
do so, we can hardly blame the victims.

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00:15:49,059 --> 00:15:53,919
Blame for scam Pseudoscientific
products should always lie upon those

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00:15:53,919 --> 00:15:58,359
selling them because they are the
people who have an ethical (if not a

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legal) responsibility to ensure the
validity and efficacy of their products.

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Anyway, that's your
skeptical analysis for today.

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Stay curious, stay hydrated,
and always be skeptical.

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We continue with a very special TikTok ad
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Cepek; Ardes Ko-Lar; Doug Mitchell;
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I'll be at Skepticamp Las
Vegas on October 25th.

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00:16:49,979 --> 00:16:53,489
Come for free to hear me tell
about my visit to Area 51.

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00:16:54,059 --> 00:16:57,569
The following month I'm doing a
remote Q&A following a screening of

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00:16:57,839 --> 00:17:02,759
The UFO Movie They Don't Want You to
See at Carthage College in Wisconsin.

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Get information about these
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I'm Brian Dunning from Skeptoid.com.